cv system

arteries

vessels that lead blood away from the heart, towards the body/tissues, largest type of blood vessel

arteriole

smaller branches of an artery

veins

vessels that lead blood toward the heart, away from the body/tissues, thinner walls than arteries, contains valves that prevent backward flow

venule

small veins

capillaries

point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into the body cells and waste products coming from the body cells, smallest vessels, mix of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

endothelium

innermost lining of blood vessels

valves

structure within veins that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction

patent

open or exposed

vasodilation

increase in the diameter of a blood vessel

vasoconstriction

decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel

vena cava

largest vein within the body, returns blood to the right atrium of the heart

pulmonary artery

artery carrying de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

aorta

largest artery in the body which runs anterior to the vertebral column

coronary circulation

network of vessels which supply the coronary muscles from blood supplied by aorta and removes wastes after cardiac muscle use

pulse

the beat of the heart pumping blood through the vessels as felt through the walls of the arteries

pulse points

radial, brachial, carotid, abdominal aorta, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial

mediastinum

central space outside of and between the lungs; contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes and lymph nodes

atrium/atria

right and left; upper receiving chambers of the heart

ventricles

right and left; lower pumping chambers of the heart

valve

structure within the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction

name the four valves

tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valve

right atrium

receives de-oxygenated blood from systemic circulation from venae cavae and coronary sinus

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation from right and left pulmonary veins

right ventricle

pumps de-oxygenated blood through pulmonary artery to pulmonary circulation

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood through aorta to systemic circulation

tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and right ventricle

mitral valve

between the left atrium and left ventricle

cusps

sections/flaps of the valves

chordae tendineae

anchor the atrioventricular cusps to papillary muscles within ventricles to prevent valves from turning inside out

semilunar valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

pulmonary valve

between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

aortic valve

between the left atrium and aorta

septum

partition/wall dividing a cavity; interatrial and interventricular

interatrial septum

between bilateral atria

interventricular septum

between bilateral ventricles

coronary vessels

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle and carry away waste

apex

tip of the heart

heart wall

surrounding tissue layers made up of specialized cells; pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium

pericardium

double-layered outer membrane that surrounds the heart; fibrous and serous layer

myocardium

muscular middle layer of the heart; spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells that control contraction

endocardium

innermost lining of the heart, lines inner chambers and continuous with vessels

fibrous pericardium

more superficial layer, protects, anchors and prevents overfilling

serous pericardium

deeper layer; parietal and visceral layer

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

visceral layer

on the external surface of the heart; epicardium

heart flow pathway

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries (co2 si exhaled and o2 is inhaled), pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, blood to the body

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart; short, low pressure circuit

systemic circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the body tissue capillaries and back; increases resistance within longer pathways

diastole

rexlation; ventricle walls relax, blood flows into the heart from the vc and pulmonary veins

systole

contraction; ventricle walls contract bilaterally to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta

diastole phase

av valves open to allow blood flow from bilateral atria to ventricles; semilunar valves close

systole phase

av valves close; semilunar valves open to allow blood to pass flow from the bilateral ventricles into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

sinoatrial node

the pacemaker of the heart; begins the heartbeat by causing atria to contract and push blood into ventricles; ends diastole

atrioventricular node

specialized tissue inside the posterior interatrial septum; sends excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers

av bundle/bundle of his

specialized muscle fibers within interventricular septum that extend from the atria to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract; begins systole

electrocardiogram

recording of electrical changes in the heart muscle as the heart beats

p wave

depolarization of the sa node; causes a spread of excitable wave/depolarizes the atria

p-r interval

beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

qrs wave

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

s-t segment

entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

q-t interval

beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

t wave

ventricular repolarization

normal sinus rhythm

heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial node with a rr of 60-100 b/m

blood pressure

the force that blood exerts on the arterial walls, expressed in mmHg

systolic pressure

pressure exerted during ventricular contraction; first number in bp

diastolic pressure

lowest level of arterial pressure, indicating peripheral resistance; second number in bp

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

sphygmomanometer

sphygm/o + man/o + -meter; electrical bp cuff that measures bp

mean arterial pressure

pressure propelling blood to tissues; map \= sbp +2dbp /3

cardiac output

amount ejected by each ventricle in one min; hr x stroke volume

stroke volume

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart (coronary arteries)

atri/o

atrium

ventricul/o

ventricle

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

pericardi/o

pericardium

my/o

muscle

electr/o

electricity

rrhythm/o

rhythm

angi/o

vessel

vas/o, vascul/o

vessel

arter/o

artery

arteri/o

artery

phleb/o

vein

ven/o, ven/i

vein

aort/o

aorta

steth/o

chest

sphygm/o

pulse

brachi/o

arm

axill/o

armpit

pulmon/o

lung

ox/o

oxygen

epi-

on, above, upon

endo-

in, within

intra-

within

inter-

between

peri-

surrounding

trans-

across, through