Lecture 1.1 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Lecture 1.1: anatomy, physiology, levels of organization, cellular and molecular biology, metabolism, homeostasis, and basic cell biology.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and how its parts are organized.

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts function.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

Metabolism

All chemical processes in the body, including energy production and use.

Catabolism

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Constructive building of larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Responsiveness

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.

Movement

The ability to move at any structural level (body, organ, cell, or subcellular components).

Growth

Increase in the size or number of cells or in the material between cells.

Differentiation

Specialization of cells for a specific function.

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new individuals.

Levels of Biological Organization

Hierarchical arrangement from chemical level to organismal level: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal.

Chemical Level

Atoms and molecules—the smallest level of organization.

Cellular Level

The cell; the smallest living unit.

Tissue Level

Group of cells and surrounding materials that work together on a task.

Organ Level

Two or more tissue types forming a recognizable structure with a specific function.

Organ System Level

Collection of related organs with a common function.

Organismal Level

A living individual.

Mitosis

Cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells (phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).

Primary Structure

Linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary Structure

Local folding of a protein (alpha helices and beta sheets) held by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary Structure

Three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.

Gene

A DNA segment that codes for a functional product (protein or RNA).

Chromosome

DNA-protein structure that carries genes.

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA that encodes an amino acid or stop signal.

Transcription

Process of copying a gene's DNA sequence into mRNA.

Translation

Process of decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain (protein).

Exon

Coding sequence retained in mature mRNA after splicing.

Intron

Noncoding sequence removed by splicing.

Splicing

Process of removing introns and joining exons in RNA processing.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded; stores genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid; usually single-stranded; involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

Adenine (A)

Purine nucleotide; pairs with Thymine in DNA (Uracil in RNA).

Thymine (T)

Pyrimidine DNA nucleotide; pairs with Adenine.

Cytosine (C)

Pyrimidine nucleotide; pairs with Guanine.

Guanine (G)

Purine nucleotide; pairs with Cytosine.

Uracil (U)

Pyrimidine nucleotide used in RNA instead of Thymine.

Nucleus

Organelle that houses genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Mitochondria

Organelle that generates most of the cell's ATP through respiration.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER with ribosomes; synthesizes and processes proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER without ribosomes; lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

Lysosome

Organelle containing digestive enzymes for breakdown of waste.

Peroxisome

Organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances.

Cytoskeleton

Network of filaments (microtubules and microfilaments) that supports shape and transport.

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH by neutralizing added acids or bases.

pH

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (negative log of hydrogen ion concentration).

Ionic Bond

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

Bond formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms; can be polar or nonpolar.

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom; important in water and macromolecules.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances; principal elements of physiological interest include C, H, O, N, P, S, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg.

Integumentary System

System including skin; involved in cooling via sweat.

Sweat

Body fluid produced by sweat glands for thermoregulation.

Anhidrosis

Condition of being unable to sweat normally, impairing cooling.

¿ how do organs systems work together and give examples based on in class discussion?

Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform big jobs in your body. But these systems don't work by themselves; they constantly interact and rel on each other to keep you healthy and functioning. Think of them like different teams in a company, all working towards a common goal.

For example, let's consider the scenario of dehydration, like Jillian experienced when she left her water bottle in the car:

• When Jillian exercised, her integumentary system (skin, specifically sweat glands) produced sweat to cool her down. This caused fluid loss from her body.

• As a result of losing fluid, her body's fluid balance was disturbed. Her nervous system would detect this imbalance, making her feel thirsty.

• To help conserve the remaining fluid, her urinary system (kidneys) would reduce the amount of water excreted in urine. This is an effort to minimize further fluid loss.

So, in this example, the integumentary system, nervous system, and urinary system all worked together to manage the body's fluid levels and try to bring things back tc normal, which is called maintaining homeostasis.

list in order of complexity the levels of biological organziation

1. Chemical Level: This is the most basic level, involving tiny particles like atoms (such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and molecules (like DNA).

2. Cellular Level: Cells are the smallest units of life. For example, a smooth muscle cell.

3. Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of similar cells and the materials around them that work together to do a specific job. Examples include smooth muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, or connective tissue.

4. Organ Level: An organ is a structure made of two or more different types of tissues that work together for a specific function, like the stomach, liver, or panereas.

5. Organ System Level: An organ system is a group of organs that work together ti perform major functions for the body. For instance, the Digestive System include the stomach, liver, and intestines.

6. Organismal Level: This is the complete living individual, made up of all the orgar systems working together.

list and discuss the characters (properties) of living systems

1. Metabolism: This is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. It involves two main parts:

• Catabolism: Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. This process releases energy needed for life functions.

• Anabolism: Building larger, complex molecules from smaller ones. This uses energy to create materials necessary for growth and repair, like turning amino acids into proteins.

1. Responsiveness: The ability to detect and react to changes in the environment, both inside and outside the body.

2. Movement: This refers to motion at all levels, from individual cells moving within body to the movement of the entire organism.

3. Growth and Differentiation: Growth means an increase in body size due to an increase in cell size, cell number, or both. Differentiation is the process where ce become specialized to perform specific functions.

4. Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms, ensuring the continuation the species.

These properties distinguish living things from non-living matter.