CC1 QUIZ 2

Coding Systems

Coding Systems

Used to represent data and programs in a manner understood by the computer

Digital Computers

Can only understand two states, off and on (0 and 1)

Digital Data Representation

The process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer

Bit

The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize

8 bits

How many bits in a byte

Byte

used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc.

kilobyte

10³ byte

megabyte

10^6 byte

gigabyte

10^9 byte

terabyte

10^12 byte

petabyte

10^15 byte

exabyte

10^18 byte

zettabyte

10^21 byte

yottabyte

10^24 byte

Numbering system

A way of representing numbers

Decimal numbering system

Uses 10 symbols

Binary numbering system

Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange, Coding system traditionally used with personal computers

EBCDIC

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, Developed by IBM, primarily for mainframes

Unicode

Newer code (32 bits per character is common) Universal coding standard designed to represent textbased data written in any ancient or modern language

Graphics Data

still images such as photos or drawings

Bitmapped images

Image made up of a grid of small dots called pixels, Monochrome graphic can only be one of two colors

More bits

more colors

Audio Data

Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a computer

Video Data

Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame contains a still image

Machine language

Binary-based language for representing computer programs the computer can execute directly

System Unit

The main case of a computer, Houses the processing hardware for a computer, Also contains storage devices, the power supply, and cooling fans

Computer Chip

Very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded

Circuit Board

A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic components

System Board

The main circuit board inside the system unit to which all devices must connect

Motherboard

contains computer chip, circuit board and system board

External devices

monitors, keyboards, mice, printers

Bit

each digit in a binary number

Wireless devices

e.g., Bluetooth

Power Supply

Connects to the motherboard to deliver electricity (personal computer)

Drive Bays

Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that house storage devices, ex are hard drive, CD/DVD drive

The CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard, Does the vast majority of processing for a computer

Dual-core CPU

Contains the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU

Quad-core CPU

Contains four cores

Multi-core processors

allow computers to work on more than one task at a time

The GPU

Takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen, Can be located on the motherboard, on a video graphics board, on in the CPU package

CPU clock speed

is one measurement of processing speed, Rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz

Word Size

The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time Typically 32 or 64 bits

Megaflops, gigaflops, teraflops

Alternate measure of processing speed is the number of instructions a CPU can process per second

Cache Memory

Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU, Usually internal cache, More cache memory typically means faster processing

bus

is an electronic path over which data can travel

Bus width

is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel

Memory

Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit, Storage refers to the amount of long -term storage available to a computer

RAM

Computer’s main memory, Consists of chips arranged on a circuit board called a memory module which are plugged into the motherboard, Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using

Volatile

RAM content lost when the computer is shut off, ROM and flash memory are non-______

Random Access Memory

what does RAM stand for?

SD-RAM

Most personal computers use as their memory

Memory

Each location in memory has an address, Each location typically holds one byte

Registers

High-speed memory built into the CPU, Used to store data and intermediary results during processing, Fastest type of memory

ROM

read -only memory, Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored

Flash Memory

Nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage, Have begun to replace ROM for storing system information, Now stores firmware for personal computers and other devices

Fans

used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system uni

Heat

is an ongoing problem for CPU and computer manufacturers, Can damage components

Heat Sinks

Small components typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat

Liquid cooling systems

Cool the computer with liquid-filled tube

Immersion cooling

Hardware is actually submerged into units filled with a liquid cooling solution

Notebook cooling stand

Cools the underside of a notebook compute

Expansion Slot

A location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted

Expansion Card

A circuit board inserted into an expansion slot, Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device

ExpressCard Modules

Designed to add additional functionality to notebooks

Bus

An electronic path within a computer over which data travels, Located within the CPU and etched onto the motherboard

Expansion Bus

Connects the CPU to peripheral (typically input and output) devices

Memory Bus

Connects CPU directly to RAM

Frontside Bus (FSB)

Connects CPU to the chipset that connects the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Extremely versatile Allows 127 different devices to connect to a computer via a single USB port

FireWire Bus

Developed by Apple to connect multimedia devices to a computer

Port

A connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unitto which a device may be attached

Tablet Docks

Used to help with tablet productivity, Some are just a stand, Many include a keyboard

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together

Transistor

Key element of the microprocessor, Made of semi-conductor material that acts like a switch controlling the flow of electrons inside a chip

Moore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

Performs decimal arithmetic

Control Unit

Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core

Prefetch Unit

Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays

Decode Unit

Translates instructions from the prefetch unit so they are understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU

Registers and Internal Cache Memory

Store data and instructions needed by the CPU

Bus Interface Unit

Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components

System Clock

Small quartz crystal on the motherboard, Timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’soperations

hertz

Number of cycles per second is measured in what

Machine Cycle

The series of operations involved in the execution of a single machine level instruction