PPC FINALS

defined as the scientific study of the mind and behavior

PSYCHOLOGY

the accumulation of all its elements capable of sustaining and perpetuating itself based on the endorsement and participation of the people through their own volition

POPULAR CULTURE

There are four (4) major players behind the psychological effects of popular culture in its aspects:

• The different psychological and sociological theories that dissect the mind;

• The different theories critical to the dissemination of popular culture; and

• The success of symbols as means of spreading popular culture (semiotics).

a new theory where ideas and identity categories that are considered as “hard set” (i.e., already existing) in established fields are constantly being scrutinized and challenged.

QUEER THEORY

Carl Jung came up with the idea of _____________, which are images and themes that come from the collective unconscious.

JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES

are things that have the same meanings in different cultures. They may show up in dreams, literature, art, or religion.

ARCHETYPES

are the source of the archetypal images, not the conscious representations.

ARCHAIC REMNANTS

This archetype represents an authority figure – stern and powerful. Its moral alignment shall dictate how others perceive him.

FATHER

If the Father is morally positive, then he is considered?

CAPABLE AND PROTECTIVE LEADER

If the Father is morally negative, then he is considered a ________ – a man that is manipulative, cold, and with a grandiose vision of transcending beyond the material world.

DICTATOR

This archetype represents the well-known maternal instincts – nurturing and comforting. Its moral alignment shall dictate how others perceive her.

MOTHER

If the Mother is morally positive, then she is considered a __________,full of love and acceptance. She will defend anyone who hurt her loved ones with equal ferocity, if not more, as the morally good Father.

CARING MOTHER

If the Mother is morally negative, then she is the ___________, neglectful and conceited. She is stubborn and obsessive and will think of nothing else but to satisfy her own agendas.

WICKED MOTHER

This archetype represents a person’s views of children – full of innocence, renewed life, and salvation. Its moral alignment shall dictate how others perceive them.

CHILD

If the Child is morally positive, then they are considered ______________(i.e., cheerful). They bring sunshine to someone’s life because of their infectious cheerfulness.

INNOCENT, PLAYFUL, VIVACIOUS

If the Child is morally negative, then they are considered _______________. hey will never act on their own because they know someone else will provide for them.

NAIVE, IGNORANT, OVERDEPENDENT

a way to think about culture, history, and politics that looks at things that aren't words.

AFFECT THEORY

make us who we are, but they aren't always under our control or even in our awareness

AFFECTS

Michel Foucault's “___________”, the study of animal rights and secularism, and my own field, religious studies, are all topics that can be linked to affect theory.

ANALYTICS OF POWER

• a term that describes any and all psychological ideologies, therapies, and other techniques that gained traction through media.

• This is characterized by placing emphasis on personal feelings, the latest trends, testimonials, and self-help techniques

POPULAR PSYCHOLOGY

popularized a form of therapy where guests make public confessions about a specific topic while guest specialists will listen and offer sound advice to them [guests].

OPRAH WINFREY AND PHILLIP “DR PHIL” MCGRAW

it helped boost the rising popularity of popular psychology

OPHRAFICATION

The success of some icons and trends stems from the notion that some of the working class begin to lose themselves to the icons and/or trends they wholeheartedly follow, to the point of devotion.

IDENTITY EROSION/ SELF-EROSION

occurs because when a person is busy with something in their life, their sense of self begins to identify with the ones they poured themselves in

SELF-EROSION

which is a popular trend that is mostly based on false, stereotypical ideas about indigenous people, has become a big thing in pop culture.

TRIBALISM

• Individuals are shaped by their culture, and these cultures make up closed organic wholes.

• The individual can't leave his or her culture but can only see himself or herself in it, not outside of it.

• also says that cultures have special rights and protections, even if they break individual rights at the same time.

CULTURALISM

Marxists have divided popular culture into two (2) groups:

• Those that people have made themselves, like folk art

• Stories, and those that were made for them, like commercial TV, advertising, arcade video games, and music.

This is usually seen as a way to value the former, which are true expressions of mass creativity, and to devalue the latter, which are used to keep people calm and dominate culture.

MARXISM

Indeed, Marxist literature on culture has been split into two main groups:

• one that looks for and celebrates "authentic" grassroots culture

• the other that looks into how consumerism and the society of the spectacle make it easier for people to dominate culture.

Marxism, in theory, pushes people to challenge the established norms of certain cultural groups. As such, this is where ___________ stem from.

COUNTERCULTURES

• also known as post-structuralism

• rejects universal explanations and instead focuses on the relative truths of each individual (i.e., ____________ Equals relativism)

POSTMODERNISM

• all about interpretation; reality is merely what we make of it.

• emphasizes personal experience over abstract ideas, stating that personal experience is inherently imperfect and relative.

POSTMODERNISM

derived from the French (and originally Latin) word for "kind" or "class"

GENRE

explains that the concept of genre is a creation of media artists in order to help them classify their works so that they can identify their target audience and better promote their work.

CHANDLER

also indicates that genres might become overly confined to all of their norms, preventing them from being varied.

GENRE THEORY

Thus, Chandler argues that “_____________ tend to be based on the notion that they constitute particular conventions of content (such as themes or settings).”

CONVENTIONAL DEFINITIONS OF THE GENRE

Intersectionality Coined by American lawyer and professor _________in 1989

KIMBERLE CRENSHAW

explains how individual characteristics such as race, class, and gender, among others, “intersect” with one another.

INTERSECTIONALITY

are interpretations of work by fans that are debated, compared, and shared in various fan communities.

FAN THEORIES

• In the theory of ______________e, instead of being tagged as “cultural dupes, social misfits, and mindless consumers,” fans can be described as “active producers and manipulators of meaning”.

• This led to the constant evolution of hypertextual creations between fandoms such as fanfics, fan-films, remixes, and fan-subs.

PARTICIPATORY CULTURE

• An example of a fan theory is the concept of _________

• a form of discourse where a fan shares the probable origin or cause of something despite the lack of evidence in a source material, which the author had unintentionally or deliberately left behind for theory crafting.

HEADCANON

a game riddled with seemingly different pieces of evidence that point to a larger story, which is prime material for theory-crafting.

DOKI DOKI LITERATURE CLUB

simply defined as the study of signs.

SEMIOTICS

Since there are several concepts in the study of signs, depending on the tradition, it may be called ____________in the Saussurean tradition

SEMIOLOGY

The concept in the study of signs may also be called ________ in Peircean tradition.

SEMIOTICS

A Swiss linguist and semiotician, ______________offered a dyadic or two-part model of the study of signs.

FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE

Saussure argued that sign is composed of:

SIGNIFIER AND SIGNIFIED

• which is a form that the sign takes

• commonly construed to be the material form of the sign.

• serves as the material or physical form of the sign (something that a person can see, hear, touch, smell, or taste)

SIGNIFIER (SIGNIFIANT)

• is the concept the sign represents.

• is the mental concept of the sign, which is purely ‘psychological.’

SIGNIFIED (SIGNIFI)

refers to the signifier (signifiant) as the ‘sound-image’ of the sign, which is also considered as ‘the psychological imprint of the sound.’

SAUSSUREAN MODEL

During the same time that Saussure was formulating his model of sign, American pragmatist philosopher and logician _________ was working with his own model of sign, ‘semiotic or semiosis,’ and the taxonomies of signs.

CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE

While Saussure offers a dyadic model, Peirce offered a triadic model, which consists of:

• REPRESENTAMEN

• INTERPRETANT

• OBJECT

The form which the sign takes (but not necessarily material)

REPRESENTAMEN

the sense made of the sign (not an interpreter)

INTERPRETANT

to which the sign refers.

OBJECT

French writer, literary theory, philosopher, critic, and semiotician _________ proposed the idea that there are distinct levels of signification (levels of meaning).

ROLAND BARTHES

• The first level of signification is the ___________, where a sign is made up of a signifier and a signified.

• refers to the definitional (dictionary definition) or literary meaning of a sign

DENOTATION

• is a second-order signification that employs the initial sign (signifier and signified) as its signifier and adds an extra signified to it.

• refers to the sociocultural and personal association of the sign.

CONNOTATION

______________ and _____________ by Kress and Van Leeuwen marked the beginning of multimodality in linguistics.

READING IMAGES (1996) AND MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE (2001)

• linguists study not only language but also visual features and elements such as images, color, the layout of pages, and even material objects and architecture.

• refers to the use of various sensory and communication channels to convey meaning in a message.

MULTIMODALITY

defined that “recontextualization always involves transformation, and what exactly gets transformed depends on the interests, goals, and values of the context into which the practice is recontextualized.”

MACHINE AND MAYR

This indicates that in some texts, when some elements are changed, replaced, removed, or simplified, there is a presumed idea that ___________ has taken place.

RECONTEXTUALIZATION

In recontextualization, these elements can be described using the classical types of transformation mainly:

• DELETION

• ADDITION

• SUBSTITUTION

• EVALUATION

• This is the process wherein some aspects are deleted in any social practice (such as people, action, setting, etc.) as no representations in social practice can represent all the aspects of it.

DELETION

• This is the process where elements were added to represent the text even further.

ADDITION

This is the process wherein there are changes or rearrangements by abstractions and generalizations in order to represent events or texts accordingly.

SUBSTITUTION

This is the process where the events and people are generalized in the text.

EVALUATION