NUTR 202 Exam 2

studied byStudied by 20 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions
Get a hint
Hint

List the major classes/categories of lipids.

Get a hint
Hint
  • Triglycerides

  • Phospholipids

  • Sterols 

Get a hint
Hint

Saturated fatty acid structure

Get a hint
Hint
  • carbon chain is fully occupied by hydrogen atoms

  • solid at room temperature

1 / 157

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

158 Terms

1

List the major classes/categories of lipids.

  • Triglycerides

  • Phospholipids

  • Sterols 

New cards
2

Saturated fatty acid structure

  • carbon chain is fully occupied by hydrogen atoms

  • solid at room temperature

New cards
3

monounsaturated fatty acid structure

  • a fatty acid with one double bond 

  • liquid at room temp

New cards
4

Polyunsaturated fatty acid strucutre

  • fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds

  • liquid at room temp

New cards
5

Dietary sources of saturated fatty acid

  • beef, pork, poultry with skin, and other meats

  • cheese, butter, and other dairy products

  • palm and coconut oils (tropical oils)

New cards
6

Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acid

  • Vegetable oils

  • Nuts and Seeds

  • Fish

New cards
7

Dietary sources of trans fatty acid

  • store-bought cakes, cookies, and crackers

  • margarine and shortening 

  • a small amount found naturally in dairy products, milk,  and meat

New cards
8

Dietary sources of cholesterol

only in animal products

New cards
9

what are the 2 essential fatty acids?

Omega-6 and Omega-3

New cards
10

What are the dietary sources of Omega-6?

Soybean, corn, and safflower oils; vegetables, fruits, seeds, grains

New cards
11

What are the dietary sources of Omega-3 as Linolenic acid?

flax seed/oil, pumpkin seed, walnut oil, green leafy veggies, walnuts, canola oil

New cards
12

What are the dietary sources of Omega-3 as EPA/DHA?

Fish (lake trout, herring, sardines, Atlantic salmon, albacore tuna, bluefish, halibut, and mackerel.

New cards
13

Where is just Omega-3 as DHA found?

Breast Milk

New cards
14

What is the role of Omega-6 fatty acid products in health maintenance?

precursors to compounds involved in repro and blood flow

New cards
15

What is the role of Omega-3 fatty acid products in health maintenance?

helps prevent tissue inflammation and may prevent heart disease and blood clot formation

New cards
16

What are the functions of lipids?

Energy source, supply of essential fatty acids, absorption & transport of fat-soluble vit, organ insulation and protection, precursor to steroid hormones, sensory quality of food & human satiety

New cards
17

How do lipids function as an energy source?

  • the primary energy source for the heart in the stored form

  • supplies about 60% of ongoing energy during rest

New cards
18

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, K

New cards
19

What hormones is cholesterol of precursor to?

estrogen, testosterone and aldosteron

New cards
20

How do lipids affect the sensory quality in foods?

mouthfeel, texture, and flavor compounds interact with fat molecules in food

New cards
21

How does fat cause you to feel fuller longer?

  • satiety

  • fat slows stomach emptying

  • enhances flavor compounds

New cards
22

What is a lipoprotein?

spherical structures that are composed of lipids and proteins, transport lipid particles in the body

New cards
23

what are the 4 types of lipoproteins?

  • Chylomicrons

  • Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

  • High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

New cards
24

What lipids are carried by Chylomicrons?

transports dietary lipids to the liver

New cards
25

What lipids are carried by VLDLs?

delivers triglycerides to other tissues

New cards
26

What lipids are carried by LDLs?

delivers cholesterol to other tissues, including blood vessels (bad cholesterol)

New cards
27

What lipids are carried by HDLs?

removes excess cholesterol from cells and returns cholesterol to the liver for elimination (good cholesterol)

New cards
28

How do LDLs affect heart disease?

can result in a build-up of cholesterol in blood vessels and create a plaque in the artery wall. High levels can result in a high risk of heart disease

New cards
29

How do HDLs affect heart disease?

transports excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for removal. High levels can lower the risk of heart disease.

New cards
30

what % of daily calories should come from fats?

20-35%

New cards
31

What are the fatty foods recommended for people to consume less of by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans’?

  • High-fat meat, pork, lamb, and poultry with skin on

  • cheese and whole-fat diary

  • processed meats

  • butter/margarine

New cards
32

What are the fatty foods recommended for people to consume more of by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans’?

  • fruits, veggies, whole grains

  • nuts, seeds

  • low fat or non-fat diary

  • liquid vegetable oils

  • lean meat, pork, lamb, poultry without skin and fatty fish

New cards
33

What types of fats are associated with increased incidence of cancer?

Saturated fats

New cards
34

What types of fats are associated with increased incidence of heart disease?

total fat, saturated fat, trans fat

New cards
35

What types of fats are associated with decreased incidence of cancer?

Fatty fish and fish oil high in Omega-3 fatty acids

New cards
36

What types of fats are associated with decreased incidence of heart disease?

Unsaturated fats both mono and poly?

New cards
37

What is a diet?

The nutrients/foods consumed

New cards
38

What is a dietary pattern?

include when the food is eaten, how it is portioned, and other lifestyle factors

New cards
39

What is the macronutrient distribution of the Mediterranean diet?

  • 28%-40% fats

  • 40%-65% carbs

  • 10%-35% proteins

New cards
40

Does the Mediterranean diet decrease, increase or keep the consumption of fats the same?

it’s keeps the consumption the same but changes the distribution

New cards
41

What fats do you eat in a higher distribution in the Mediterranean diet?

  • higher Omega-3 fatty acids (fatty fish and fish oil)

  • higher monosaturated fat (extra virgin olive oil)

  • higher levels of polyunsaturated fat

New cards
42

What is Adherence?

the extent to which an individual follows a diet or dietary pattern in the long term, influenced by both dietary and lifestyle components

New cards
43

What is Built Environment?

The layout and design of human-made surroundings where people live, work, and play. This includes the design of the neighborhoods, streets, and buildings, and the availability of food options. This can impact the dietary choices available and the level of physical activity, therefor health.

New cards
44

What are the main dietary components of the Mediterranean diet?

  • increased amount and variety of veggies, fruits, and nuts

  • daily consumption of whole grain products (bread, pasta, rice)

  • moderate intake of fish, seafood, and non-red meats

  • use of olive oil as the main cooking oil

  • higher use of aromatic herbs and spices compared to use of salt

  • focus on the quality, freshness, seasonality, and simplicity of food

  • drinking wine in moderation

New cards
45

What are the main lifestyle components of the Mediterranean diet?

  • moderation in portion size, timing, and pace of meals

  • moderate physical activity every day (not just the gym but also walking and using public transportation)

  • cooking and consuming meals in the company of others

  • adequate rest

New cards
46

What elements make up amino acids?

Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

New cards
47

What is a essential amino acid?

  • Cannot be synthesized by the human body

  • Must be supplied by food

  • Are vital for many processes, including protein synthesis, energy production, and immune function

New cards
48

What is a nonessential amino acid?

  • Can be produced by the human body

  • Do not need to be consumed in food

New cards
49

What is a conditionally essential amino acid?

  • Are not normally required in the diet

  • Become essential in times of illness or stress

New cards
50

What are the functions of protein in the body?

  • growth/maintenance/repair

  • Hormones

  • Body structure & blood

  • Fluid Balance

  • Transport

  • acid-base balance

  • immune function

  • enzymes

New cards
51

What is Albumin?

The most abundant protein in the blood, helps maintain fluid balance in the body?

New cards
52

How does Edema develop?

develops when blood albumin is low because there is a decrease in the intake of protein which pushes water out to the tissues.

New cards
53

how do proteins help maintain the acid-base balance of the body?

the proteins act as buffers

New cards
54

what parts of the immune system are made of protiens?

Antigens, Skin, Mucous, Enzymes, Antibodies

New cards
55

What is a positive nitrogen balance?

  • intake exceeds excretion

  • the body needs more protein to be able to build new tissues

New cards
56

In what situation will a person be in a positive nitrogen balance?

growth, recovery from illness, and pregnancy

New cards
57

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

  • excretion exceeds intake or intake is inadequate to meet the body’s needs

  • the body is breaking down more protein

New cards
58

In what situation would a person be in a Negative nitrogen balance?

AIDS, Cancer, starvation, muscular dystrophy, and low-calorie protein diets

New cards
59

What are the potential health benefits of vegetarian diets?

  • decrease the risk of heart disease

  • decrease rates of obesity

New cards
60

What are the potential nutritional deficiencies associated with vegetarian diets?

  • Protein

  • Zinc

  • Iron

  • Calcium/Vit D

  • Vit B12

  • Iodine

New cards
61

What is a complete/high quality protein?

  • provides all essential amino acids in amounts needed by the body

  • easily digested and absorbed

New cards
62

what is an incomplete protein?

do not contain all essential amino acids in the amount required by the body

New cards
63

What are complementary proteins?

Proteins that are combined with incomplete proteins to help provide all essential amino acids.

New cards
64

What are some dietary sources of complete protiens?

Dairy, Fish, Poultry, whole sources of soy (tofu & edamame)

New cards
65

What are some dietary sources of incomplete protiens?

Legumes, grains, and vegtables

New cards
66

What are some dietary sources of complementary protiens?

rice and beans, peanut butter, nuts and seeds

New cards
67

What is the RDA value for proteins of healthy adults?

0.8 grams per kg

New cards
68

what are populations/groups of people who may need additional protien?

  • growing children and adolescents

  • women who are pregnant

  • lactating women

  • athletes 

  • those who are injured or ill

New cards
69

What are the 2 types of protein-energy malnutrition?

marasmus and kwashiorkor

New cards
70

How is Marasmus characterized?

condition of starvation characterized by emaciation or skeletal appearance

New cards
71

What is Marasmus caused by?

inadequate protein and calorie intake 

New cards
72

What is Kwashiorkor characterized by?

characterized by a swollen appearance, specifically in the abdomen

New cards
73

what are the proposed causes of Kwashiorkor?

  • low protein intake; altered gut bacterial populations

  • frequent in children being weaned from breast milk to cereal

  • usually enough calories but not enough protein so there is a fluid shift because of decreased levels of albumin.

New cards
74

What is the relationship between energy balance and body weight?

related to kcal in vs kcal out

New cards
75

what is a negative energy balance?

  • kcal consumed is less than kcal expended

    • weight loss

New cards
76

what is a positive energy balance?

  • kcal consumed is greater than kcal expended

    • weight gain

New cards
77

What are the 3 components of total energy expenditure?

  • Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

  • Physical activity

  • Thermic effect of food (TEF)

New cards
78

what percentage of total energy expenditure is based on BMR?

60-75%

New cards
79

what percentage of total energy expenditure is based on Physical activity?

15-30%

New cards
80

what percentage of total energy expenditure is based on TEF?

5-10%

New cards
81

What can effect BMR?

  • Lean body mass

  • age

  • energy restriction

  • growth

  • endocrine system

  • stress

  • pregnancy & breastfeeding

  • genetics

  • sex

New cards
82

what is TEF?

the process of burning calories as you digest, absorb, transport, store and metabolize food.

New cards
83

What is BMR?

energy metabolism that occurs after waking in the morning, at least 12 hours after the last meal, It includes energy for life sustaining functions.

New cards
84

What factors can effect TEF?

  • type of fuel (protein has the greatest effect and fat the least)

  • age (TEF declines with age)

  • training status (trained athletes have a lower TEF)

  • obesity (TEF lower)

New cards
85

what is considered underweight by BMI?

under 18.5

New cards
86

what is considered a healthy BMI?

18.5-24.9

New cards
87

what is considered overweight by BMI?

25-29.5

New cards
88

what is considered obese by BMI?

over 30

New cards
89

what are the risks associated with an overweight or obese BMI?

  • Cardiovascular disease

  • Hypertension

  • Type 2 diabetes

  • stroke

  • Gallbladder disease

  • Osteoarthritis

  • Sleep apnea

  • Respiratory problems

  • Endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers

New cards
90

what are the risks associated with an underweight BMI?

  • decreased overall energy

  • respiratory complications

  • heart irregularities

  • Infertility

  • Delayed wound healing 

  • Weakened immune system 

  • Osteoporosis

New cards
91

What are the limitations of BMI?

it doesn’t distinguish between fat and muscle mass

New cards
92

what factors aren’t taken into account for BMI?

  • athletes (less body fat => high lean body mass)

  • Ethnicities (body fat & disease risk)

  • sex (same BMI women tend to have more body fat than men)

  • Elderly (tend to have more body fat than younger adults)

New cards
93

What are factors that influence the energy burned during physical activity?

  • body weight and muscle mass utilized

  • duration of activity

  • intensity of activity

  • fitness level

  • Type of Activity

New cards
94

What are the components of body composition?

Total body mass/body weight = lean tissue mass + fat mass + water

New cards
95

what are the categories of body fat?

essential and storage

New cards
96

What is the Gynoid pattern of fat distribution?

  • pear shaped

  • fat over muscle and under the skin at the hips and thighs

  • subcutaneous fat

New cards
97

What is the Android pattern of fat distribution?

  • apple shaped

  • stored under the abdominal muscle around the internal organs

  • visceral fat

New cards
98

what is subcutaneous fat?

  • stored under the skin, less association with health risks

  • temperature regualtion

New cards
99

what is visceral fat?

  • contributed to heart disease & diabetes

  • waist circumference greater than 35inch in women and 40inch in men

  • associated with risk for chronic conditions due to excess fat 

New cards
100

what are the causes of obesity in our society?

  • energetics

  • environment

  • genetics

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
840 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 631 people
712 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
764 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 113 people
935 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
947 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 430 people
573 days ago
4.8(6)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11953 people
709 days ago
4.6(36)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (249)
studied byStudied by 96 people
502 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (54)
studied byStudied by 33 people
312 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 22 people
853 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (100)
studied byStudied by 74 people
26 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (23)
studied byStudied by 41 people
580 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 57 people
362 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (53)
studied byStudied by 3 people
383 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (83)
studied byStudied by 215 people
508 days ago
5.0(6)
robot