Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - Chapter 7 (Appendicular Skeleton)

Pectoral Girdle

A skeletal structure that supports the anterior limbs and is located posterior to the head.

What are the three pairs are endochondral bones of the endoskeleton? (running dorsal to ventral)

• Suprascapula

• Scapula

• Coracoid

What are the four pairs are membrane bones derived from the ancestral dermal armor? (running dorsal to ventral)

• Postemporal

• Supracleithrum

• Cleithrum

• Clavicle

Scapulocoracoid

Coracoid has fused to the scapula

Interclavicle

A midventral, singular bone.

The dermal bone component is made up of what? (dorsal to ventral)

• Cleithrum

• Clavicle

• Interclavicle

The endochondral bone component consist of what?

• Scapula

• Coracoid.

Fulcrum (aka “wishbone”)

The interclavicle in birds.

Coracoid Plate

A cartilaginous plate located in the lateral body wall

Ossification Centers

forms in the coracoid plate

Anterior centers gave rise to what?

Procoracoids

Posterior centers gave rise to what?

Coracoids

Glenoid

Shoulder joint

Coracoid Process

a projection on the scapula located over the Glenoid.

Therapsid pectoral girdle consisted of what?

• endochondral bone component

• dermal component

What is the endochondral bone component made out of?

• scapula (with an acromion process)

• coracoid

• procoracoid

What is the dermal component made of?

• clavicle

• interclavicle.

What serves for muscle attachment?

supraspinous and infraspinous fossa

Pelvic Girdle

Designed to support the hind limbs.

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

pelvic Plates that meet midventrally at the Pelvic Symphysis.

Name the ossification centers of pevlc plates

• Ishium

• Pubis

Ilium

Dorsal to the pelvic plate

Acetabulum

accommodates the head of the femur

How many transverse processes do amphibians have?

One pair

How many transverse processes do reptiles have?

Two pairs

How many transverse processes do birds and mammals have?

Three pairs

Sacral ribs

short ribs that ankylose on to the sacral transverse processes.

Pubic Symphysis (Ischial Symphysis)

a symphysis either between two pubis bones or two ischial bones

The sacrum and pelvic girdle form a bony closure called what?

Pelvis

Prepubic (Ypsiloid Cartilage)

A slender median cartilage coming off of the pelvic girdle and inserting into the abdominal muscle somites

What bones do reptiles have with their pelvic girdle?

Epipubic and Hypoischial Bones.

The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form a single bone in mammals called what?

Os Coxa or Innominate.

Lepidotrichia

Rays in bony fishes

Actinotrichia

Extra structures that reinforce the fins

What does Lepidotrichia consist of?

jointed bony scales arranged end to end.

Ceratotrichia

Rays in cartilagnous fishes

What does Ceratotrichia consist of?

long, hollow rays similar to the dorsal spine of some shark species

Pterygiophores

Basalia and radialia

What are the three basalia?

• Propterygia

• Mesopterygia

• Metapterygia

Claspers

exclusive to male chondrichthyes

What are the two types of median fins?

• Dorsal

• Anal

Gonopodium

modified anal fin in males

Caudal Fins Classification

• tail

• notochord

• vertebral column

What are the three types of caudal fins?

• Heterocercal

• Diphycercal

• Homocercal

Heterocercal Tails

the dorsal lobe is greater than the ventral lobe

Diphycercal Tails

the dorsal and ventral lobes being of equal size.

Homocercal Tails

dorsal and ventral lobes being of equal

size.

What is the difference between Diphycercal and Homocreal Tails?

The vertebrate column barely enters the dorsal lobe in Diphycercal tails while the notochord deeply enters the dorsal lobe in Homocreal Tails

Urostyle

ensheathed in caudal vertebral elements

Hypocercal tails

the reverse of the heterocercal tail

Tetrapods Limbs have what three components?

• Propodium

• Epipodium

• Autopodium.

The Propodium is composed of what in the Forelimb?

Humerus

The Epipodium is composed of what in the forelimb?

• Radius

• Ulna

The Propodium is composed of what in the Hindlimb?

Femur

The Epipodium is composed of what in the Hindlimb?

• Tibula

• Fibula

Preaxial Forelimb

Radius on the thumb side

Postaxial Forelimb

Ulna on the pinky side

Preaxial Hindlimb

tibia (medial bone)

Postaxial Hindlimb

fibula (lateral bone)

Tibiofibula

The fibula united partially or completely to the tibia

Tibiotarsus

The tibia fusing to the tarsus (in birds)

Patella

specialized sesamoid bone

Manus

made up of wrist, palm, and digits

Carpus

anatomical word for wrist

The Proximal Row of carpus consist of what?

• Radiale

• Intermedium

• Ulnare

Radiale

Carpal bone to articulate with the radius

Ulnare

Carpal bone to articulate with the ulna

Pisiform

Extra bone in the proximal Row that is a sesamoid bone that articulates with the ulnare.

What is the radiale in humans?

Scaphoid

What is the intermedium in humans?

Lunate

What is the ulnare in humans?

Triquetral

The middle row consists of what?

0-4 Centralia bones

What are the 4 rows in the distal row of humans?

• Trapezium

• Tapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate.

Metacarpus

anatomical word for wrist

Phalange

anatomical word for digits

A phalange is composed of what?

2-3 phalanx bones

Pollex

2 phalanx bones are found in the median digit

How many carpal bones do bird have?

5 (two in proximal row, three in distal row)

Carpometacarpus

Three fused distal carpals

Alula

first finger in birds

What are the three modes of walking?

• Plantigrade

• Digitigrade

• Unguligrade

Perissodactyls

odd toed ungulates having only 1 or 3 hooves for walking.

Artiodactyls

even toed ungulates having 2 or 4 hooves for walking.

Opposition

the ability to touch the tip of each digit successively.

Tarsus

anatomical name for ankle

The proximal row of Taurus consists of what?

• Tibiale

• Intermedium

• Fibulare

Tibale

articulates with the tibia

Fibulare

articulates with the fibula

Astragalocalcaneus

the fusion of tibiale and fibulare in reptiles

What is the one Centralia in humans called?

Navicular (or Scaphoid)

The first distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Medial Cuneiform

The second distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Intermediate Cuneiform

The third distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Lateral Cuneiform

The fourth and fifth distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Cuboid

Metatarsus

the body of the pes

Phalanges

the digits of the pes

Prehallux

pestigial tarsal/metatarsal associated with a lost digit.

Tibiotarsus.

proximal tarsals are joined together and joined to the distal portion

Tarsometatarsus

The fusion of distal tarsals and metatarsals

Intratarsal Joint

the joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus