Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - Chapter 7 (Appendicular Skeleton)

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100 Terms

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Pectoral Girdle

A skeletal structure that supports the anterior limbs and is located posterior to the head.

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What are the three pairs are endochondral bones of the endoskeleton? (running dorsal to ventral)

  • Suprascapula

  • Scapula

  • Coracoid

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What are the four pairs are membrane bones derived from the ancestral dermal armor? (running dorsal to ventral)

  • Postemporal

  • Supracleithrum

  • Cleithrum

  • Clavicle

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Scapulocoracoid

Coracoid has fused to the scapula

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Interclavicle

A midventral, singular bone.

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The dermal bone component is made up of what? (dorsal to ventral)

  • Cleithrum

  • Clavicle

  • Interclavicle

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The endochondral bone component consist of what?

  • Scapula

  • Coracoid.

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Fulcrum (aka “wishbone”)

The interclavicle in birds.

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Coracoid Plate

A cartilaginous plate located in the lateral body wall

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Ossification Centers

forms in the coracoid plate

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Anterior centers gave rise to what?

Procoracoids

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Posterior centers gave rise to what?

Coracoids

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Glenoid

Shoulder joint

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Coracoid Process

a projection on the scapula located over the Glenoid.

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Therapsid pectoral girdle consisted of what?

  • endochondral bone component

  • dermal component

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What is the endochondral bone component made out of?

  • scapula (with an acromion process)

  • coracoid

  • procoracoid

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What is the dermal component made of?

  • clavicle

  • interclavicle.

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What serves for muscle attachment?

supraspinous and infraspinous fossa

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Pelvic Girdle

Designed to support the hind limbs.

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What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

pelvic Plates that meet midventrally at the Pelvic Symphysis.

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Name the ossification centers of pevlc plates

  • Ishium

  • Pubis

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Ilium

Dorsal to the pelvic plate

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Acetabulum

accommodates the head of the femur

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How many transverse processes do amphibians have?

One pair

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How many transverse processes do reptiles have?

Two pairs

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How many transverse processes do birds and mammals have?

Three pairs

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Sacral ribs

short ribs that ankylose on to the sacral transverse processes.

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Pubic Symphysis (Ischial Symphysis)

a symphysis either between two pubis bones or two ischial bones

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The sacrum and pelvic girdle form a bony closure called what?

Pelvis

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Prepubic (Ypsiloid Cartilage)

A slender median cartilage coming off of the pelvic girdle and inserting into the abdominal muscle somites

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What bones do reptiles have with their pelvic girdle?

Epipubic and Hypoischial Bones.

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The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form a single bone in mammals called what?

Os Coxa or Innominate.

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Lepidotrichia

Rays in bony fishes

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Actinotrichia

Extra structures that reinforce the fins

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What does Lepidotrichia consist of?

jointed bony scales arranged end to end.

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Ceratotrichia

Rays in cartilagnous fishes

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What does Ceratotrichia consist of?

long, hollow rays similar to the dorsal spine of some shark species

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Pterygiophores

Basalia and radialia

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What are the three basalia?

  • Propterygia

  • Mesopterygia

  • Metapterygia

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Claspers

exclusive to male chondrichthyes

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What are the two types of median fins?

  • Dorsal

  • Anal

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Gonopodium

modified anal fin in males

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Caudal Fins Classification

  • tail

  • notochord

  • vertebral column

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What are the three types of caudal fins?

  • Heterocercal

  • Diphycercal

  • Homocercal

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Heterocercal Tails

the dorsal lobe is greater than the ventral lobe

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Diphycercal Tails

the dorsal and ventral lobes being of equal size.

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Homocercal Tails

dorsal and ventral lobes being of equal

size.

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What is the difference between Diphycercal and Homocreal Tails?

The vertebrate column barely enters the dorsal lobe in Diphycercal tails while the notochord deeply enters the dorsal lobe in Homocreal Tails

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Urostyle

ensheathed in caudal vertebral elements

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Hypocercal tails

the reverse of the heterocercal tail

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Tetrapods Limbs have what three components?

  • Propodium

  • Epipodium

  • Autopodium.

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The Propodium is composed of what in the Forelimb?

Humerus

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The Epipodium is composed of what in the forelimb?

  • Radius

  • Ulna

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The Propodium is composed of what in the Hindlimb?

Femur

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The Epipodium is composed of what in the Hindlimb?

  • Tibula

  • Fibula

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Preaxial Forelimb

Radius on the thumb side

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Postaxial Forelimb

Ulna on the pinky side

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Preaxial Hindlimb

tibia (medial bone)

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Postaxial Hindlimb

fibula (lateral bone)

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Tibiofibula

The fibula united partially or completely to the tibia

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Tibiotarsus

The tibia fusing to the tarsus (in birds)

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Patella

specialized sesamoid bone

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Manus

made up of wrist, palm, and digits

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Carpus

anatomical word for wrist

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The Proximal Row of carpus consist of what?

  • Radiale

  • Intermedium

  • Ulnare

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Radiale

Carpal bone to articulate with the radius

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Ulnare

Carpal bone to articulate with the ulna

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Pisiform

Extra bone in the proximal Row that is a sesamoid bone that articulates with the ulnare.

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What is the radiale in humans?

Scaphoid

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What is the intermedium in humans?

Lunate

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What is the ulnare in humans?

Triquetral

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The middle row consists of what?

0-4 Centralia bones

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What are the 4 rows in the distal row of humans?

  • Trapezium

  • Tapezoid

  • Capitate

  • Hamate.

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Metacarpus

anatomical word for wrist

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Phalange

anatomical word for digits

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A phalange is composed of what?

2-3 phalanx bones

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Pollex

2 phalanx bones are found in the median digit

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How many carpal bones do bird have?

5 (two in proximal row, three in distal row)

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Carpometacarpus

Three fused distal carpals

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Alula

first finger in birds

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What are the three modes of walking?

  • Plantigrade

  • Digitigrade

  • Unguligrade

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Perissodactyls

odd toed ungulates having only 1 or 3 hooves for walking.

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Artiodactyls

even toed ungulates having 2 or 4 hooves for walking.

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Opposition

the ability to touch the tip of each digit successively.

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Tarsus

anatomical name for ankle

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The proximal row of Taurus consists of what?

  • Tibiale

  • Intermedium

  • Fibulare

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Tibale

articulates with the tibia

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Fibulare

articulates with the fibula

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Astragalocalcaneus

the fusion of tibiale and fibulare in reptiles

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What is the one Centralia in humans called?

Navicular (or Scaphoid)

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The first distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Medial Cuneiform

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The second distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Intermediate Cuneiform

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The third distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Lateral Cuneiform

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The fourth and fifth distal tarsal in humans are called what?

Cuboid

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Metatarsus

the body of the pes

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Phalanges

the digits of the pes

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Prehallux

pestigial tarsal/metatarsal associated with a lost digit.

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Tibiotarsus.

proximal tarsals are joined together and joined to the distal portion

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Tarsometatarsus

The fusion of distal tarsals and metatarsals

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Intratarsal Joint

the joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus