anatomy

Hormone

chemical mediators that will help maintain homeostasis. Will be released in one area of the body, but regulate the activity of cells in another area of the body

target cell

cell with a receptor that will respond to the presence of a hormone

Endocrine glands

secretes products INTO body fluids

Exocrine glands

secretes products ONTO a surface

Ducts (mammary, sebaceous, sweat, lacrimal, salivary, etc)

Endocrine and nervous system

Two systems that function together as a super system. (thalamus/hypothalamus and pituitary gland is a intersection point)

1. Nervous system stimulation

2. endocrine system (gland)

3. Hormone release

4. target cell/tissue (receptor)

5. Change (proteins)

what is the process of secreting a hormone?

True endocrine glands(pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal)

endocrine glands that will only function within the endocrine system.

Other endocrine glands (Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose, placenta)

endocrine glands that will function in the endocrine system AND other systems within the body.

Non-steroid (water soluble) hormones

circulate freely in the plasma, receptors are on the outside of the cell, include epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, and oxytocin

Steroid (lipid soluble) hormones

circulates bound to a protein in the plasma, receptors are on the inside of the cell, include testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, and aldosterone.

negative feedback

Most hormone secretion is controlled by what kind of feedback mechanism?

stimulation

increased frequency of hormones

inhibited

decreased frequency of hormones

neural signs, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones

what are hormone secretions regulated by?

Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary, stimulates body growth and metabolism.

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Anterior pituitary, stimulates growth of thyroid gland and the release of it's hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone

Anterior pituitary, stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion in women and sperm production in men

Luteinizing hormone

anterior pituitary, triggers ovulation and stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion in women, and testosterone secretion in men.

prolactin

anterior pituitary, stimulates the production of milk

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Anterior pituitary, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

antidiuretic hormone

posterior pituitary, decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood (water retention)

oxytocin

posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

thyroxine (T3) triiodothyronine (T4)

thyroid, increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

calcatonin

thyroid, decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts.

Parathyroid hormone

increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

adrenal cortex, decreases sodium and water loss in the urine. (increase sodium absorption)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

adrenal cortex increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation

androgens

insignificant in males, increases sex drive in females

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

adrenal medulla, promotes fight or flight response.

Insulin

Pancreas, decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells

Glucagon

Pancreas, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Estrogen and Progesterone

Ovaries, stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle

relaxin

Ovaries, dilates the cervix and birth canal

Inhibin

inhibits release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

testosterone

testes, stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulate male sex drive; regulates sperm production

Melatonin

Pineal gland, helps to regulate biological clock

thymosin

thymus, promotes the maturation of T cells form the immune response

blood, heart, blood vessels

what are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system

More viscous than water, temp is about 1 degree C higher than body temp, slightly alkaline, 5-6 liters in males 4-5 liter female, about 8% of body weight

what are the characteristics of blood?

transportation

(Functions of blood)

carry oxygen from the lungs to body cells

carry metabolic waste from tissues to lungs, kidneys, and liver

carry nutrients from GI to body cells

Carry hormones

regulation

(Functions of blood)

Ph and body temperature

Protection

(Functions of blood)

controls loss- platelets

immunity and immune response (WBC)

connective tissue

What type of tissue is blood considered to be?

plasma

55% of blood composition, liquid portion of blood

formed elements

45% of blood composition, made up of the cells and cell fragments

1-5% buffy coat (WBC and platelets)

95-99% RBC

What is the composition of the formed elements?

red blood cells, to carry oxygen

what is the function of erythrocytes?

WBC, immunity

what is the function of leukocytes?

platelets, blood clotting

What is the function of thrombocytes

92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes

what is the composition of plasma?

albumin

60% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to maintain osmotic pressure

globulins

36% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to help produce antibodies

Fibrinogen

4% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to help with blood clotting

living cells\= RBC and WBC

cell fragments\= platelets

what are "Living cells" and what are "cell fragments"?

erythropoietin

means red blood cell production. stimulated by a decrease in oxygen levels.

hematopoetic stem cells

cells that develop blood cells

hemat/o-, hem/o-, -poesis

process of making blood cells

erythropoiesis

specifically develop RBC

Leukopoiesis

specifically develop WBC

Thrombopoiesis

specifically develop platelets

RBC\= 120 days

WBC\= hours, days, to even years

lifespan of blood cells

Bioconcave disc, made up of a plasma membrane, cytosol, and hemoglobin, can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules, lacks a nucleus and other organelles.

what is the shape of a RBC, what is a RBC made of, how much oxygen can attach to the hemoglobin, what do they lack?

antigen

proteins or sugars that are attached to the cell membrane to identify the cell

antibody

proteins that will attach to antigens to protect the body

A antigen, Anti-B antibody

Type A blood has...

B antigen, Anti-A antibody

Type B blood has...

A and B antigens, no antibody

Type AB blood has....

no antigens, Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Type O blood has....

makes it positive or negative

What does the Rh factor (antigen D) do to the blood

O positive, AB negative

Most common and least common blood type in the US.

transfusions

can be whole blood, or blood components (RBC, Plasma, or even further). If whole blood is used then it has to be given to someone with the same type of blood

A blood, O blood

What type of blood can someone who is Type A receive?

B blood, O blood

What type of blood can someone who is Type B receive?

A blood, B blood, AB blood, and O blood

*universal recipient*

What type of blood can someone who is Type AB receive?

O Blood

*Universal Donor*

What type of blood can someone who is Type O receive?

Rh Factor

When receiving blood, other than blood type, what has to match.

Antigen D, Rhesus Monkey

What is the RH factor antigen. What is it named after

hemolysis and/or agglutination-\> death

The first time someone who is Rh- receives Rh+ blood, they develop antibodies, the second time the receive Rh+ blood, the blood agglutinates.

What can happen with an incompatible transfusion?

Nucleus, but no hemoglobin

What are the contents of the inside of a leukocyte?

2.

Granular(Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and a-granular(Lymphocytes and monocytes)

How many divisions of WBC are there? What WBC types fall into these divisions?

Platelets, made up of cell fragments

What are thrombocytes? What are they made of