Placebo Effect

Placebo Effect

Real therapeutic effect induced by a substance or treatment with no demonstrable active therapeutic effect

Which neurotransmitters are released to modulate pain perception, mood, and other physiological processes?

Endorphins and dopamine

How can placebo effects lead to changes in clinical outcome measures?

Reductions in blood pressure, tumour size, or inflammation markers

Sham Procedure

An inactive procedure that is designed to mimic as closely as possible the active procedure being studied in a clinical trial

Nocebo Effects

When negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have

Expectancy Manipulations

Providing verbal suggestions about treatment efficacy or presenting participants with information about the treatment's purported benefits

Which cortex is activated during analgesia?

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC)

Which cortex controls motivational responses?

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC

What does activation of the endogenous opioid system do?

Reduce pain perception and increase pain tolerance

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with reward and motivation