English & Language Use - Teas 7

What are Homophones?

Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings or spellings, such as "to," "two," and "too."

What are Homographs?

Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and may or may not be pronounced the same, such as "lead" (to guide) and "lead" (a metal).

What are the types of Homonyms?

Homophone and Homograph.

List the parts of speech.

Noun, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.

Provide the definition and examples of a Noun.

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

• Ex. cat, love, freedom, school

Provide the definition and examples of a Verb.

A verb is an action or state of being.

• Ex. run, is, think

What are some common verbs (state of being, linking verbs)?

is, was, are, have, be, become, seem, were, has, etc.

Provide the definition and examples of an Adjective.

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

• Ex. happy, blue, tall, quick.

Provide the definition and examples of an Adverb.

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

• Ex. quickly, very, well (usually ends in -ly)

Provide the definition and examples of a Pronoun.

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence to avoid repetition.

• Ex. he, she, it, they.

Provide the definition and examples of a Preposition.

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. (Show location, time, direction, introduction of object)

• Ex. in, on, with, between, without.

Provide the definition and examples of a Conjuction.

A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences.

• Ex. and, but, or, because.

Provide the definition and examples of an Interjection.

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise.

• Ex. wow, oh, ouch, hooray.

What are common punctuation found within sentences that provide correct grammar and sentence structure?

Semicolon, colon, parenthesis, quotation marks, apostrophe, hyphen, dash.

How do you use a semicolon? Provide an example.

A semicolon (;) is used to connect closely related independent clauses or to separate items in a complex list.

• For example: I have a big test tomorrow; I can't go out tonight.

How do you use a colon? Provide an example.

A colon (:) is used to introduce a list, quote, explanation, or to separate two independent clauses when the second explains the first.

• For example: She has three favorite fruits: apples, oranges, and bananas.

How do you use parenthesis? Provide an example.

Parentheses ( ) are used to enclose additional information or side notes that are not essential to the main point.

• For example: She finally answered (after taking her time) that she would attend the meeting.

How do you use quotation marks? Provide an example.

Quotation marks (“ “) are used to indicate direct speech, quotes, or to highlight specific words or phrases.

• For example: She said, “I’m tired.”

How do you use an apostrophe? Provide an example.

An apostrophe (‘) is used to indicate possession or the omission of letters in contractions.

• For example: That is Sarah's book.

How do you use a hyphen? Provide examples.

A hyphen (-) is used to join words or parts of words, such as in compound adjectives.

• For example: well-known, twenty-one

How do you use a dash? Provide examples.

A dash (—) is used to create emphasis or indicate a break in thought, often in place of commas or parentheses.

• For example: I was going to call you—but I lost my phone.

What is the difference between the subject and the predicate?

The subject tells us who or what the sentence is about (person, place or thing), and the predicate tells us what the subject does or is (contains the verb).

• Ex. The dog (subject) barked loudly (predicate).

What does the subject-verb agreement state?

• Singular subjects = singular verb: He runs fast.

• Plural subjects = plural verb: They run fast.

What is the difference between clauses and phrases?

• A clause = subject + verb (can be independent or dependent)

• A phrase lacks either a subject or verb

Because I was late (clause), running down the street (phrase)

What are sentence fragments?

A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence missing a subject, verb, or complete thought.

• Ex. Because I was hungry.

What are run-on sentences?

When two or more independent clauses are incorrectly joined.

• Run-on: I went to the store I bought milk.

• Correct: I went to the store, and I bought milk.

What is a dangling modifier?

A dangling modifier is a phrase not clearly modifying anything in the sentence.

• Dangling Modifier: Walking to the store, the rain started.

• Correct: Walking to the store, I saw the rain start.

What is a misplaced modifier?

A misplaced modifier is a phrase that is too far from the word it modifies.

• Misplaced Modifier: She almost drove her kids to school every day.

• Correct: She drove her kids to school almost every day.

List the types of transitions.

Addition, contrast, cause and effect, time (sequence), comparison, clarification/example.

Give examples for each type of Transition.

• Addition: furthermore, moreover, in addition

• Contrast: however, although, on the other hand, but

• Cause and effect: therefore, as a result, consequently, because

• Time: then, next, afterward, finally

• Clarification: in other words, for example

What does the Recursive Writing Process state?

Based on the recursive writing process, writing is not linear; it involves revisiting and reworking different stages of writing multiple times.

What are the stages/elements of the writing process?

1. 1. Prewriting: Brainstorming and outlining

2. 2. Drafting: Writing the first version

3. 3. Revising: Improving content and structure

4. 4. Editing: Checking for grammar and punctuation

5. 5. Publishing: Finalizing and sharing the writing

What does a well-organized paragraph contain?

A topic sentence, supporting sentences, and conclusion.

What is Parallelism?

• Using the same grammatical structure in lists.

• Incorrect: She likes dancing, to swim, and biking.

• Correct: She likes dancing, swimming, and biking.

What are the different types of sentences/structures.

• Simple

• Compound

• Complex

• Compound-Complex

Provide the component of a Simple Sentence.

A simple sentence is 1 independent clause.

• Ex. I ate lunch.

What are the components of a Compound Sentence?

A compound sentence is 2 or more independent clauses joined by FANBOYS.

• Ex. I ate lunch, and I took a nap.

What makes a Complex Sentence?

A Complex Sentence is 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clause.

• Because I was hungry (dependent), I ate lunch (independent).

What makes a Compound-Complex sentenc?

A Compound-Complex sentence is 2 or more independent clauses with 1 or more dependent clauses.

• Ex. I ate lunch (independent) because I was hungry (dependent), and I took a nap.

What are the Coordinating Conjunctions?

FANBOYS:

• For

• And

• Nor

• But

• Or

• Yet

• So

What is the difference between an Independent clause and a Dependent clause?

An Independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

• “I enjoy reading.”

A Dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

• “Although I enjoy reading,” (needs an independent clause to complete the thought)

What are double negatives?

Double negatives occurs when two negative words are used in a sentence. They should be avoided to provide clarity.

• Double negative: I don’t need no help.

• Correct: I don’t need any help.

When should you use “who” and “whom”?

• “Who” is used for subject pronouns (I, he, she, we, they).

• “Whom” is used for object pronouns (him, her, me, us, them)

What is a simple tip for when to use “who” vs “whom”?

Tip: If he/she fits, use who. If him/her fits, use whom.

• Who = subject (does the action).
  Example: Who is calling? → He is calling.

• Whom = object (receives the action).
  Example: To whom are you speaking? → You are speaking to him.

When should you use ‘s and s’?

• ’s = singular possession (the dog’s toy → one dog, one toy).

• s’ = plural possession (the dogs’ toy → many dogs, one shared toy).

Tip: Add an apostrophe before s if it’s one owner, after s if it’s multiple.

What are the types of Sentence purposes?

• Declarative: statement (I like tea)

• Interrogative: question (Do you like tea?)

• Imperative: command (Please drink the tea.)

• Exclamatory: emotion (I love tea!)