AP HUMGEO UNIT 2

In progress

Demography

The study of population characteristics

Overpopulation

When the available resources cannot support the number of people

Density

total number of people

WHat do demographers look at?

How people are distributed by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health

3 Reasons Studying Population is Important

1. More people are alive at this time

2. World’s population increased at a faster rate during the 2nd half of the 20th century than ever before

3. Virtually all global population growth is concentration in developed countries

Ecumeme

The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by the permanent human settlement increased over time, ¾ of the world population lives on only 5% of the Earth’s surf

Census

Complete enumeration of a population

2 Reasons why a Census is controversial

Nonparticipation - homeless, certain minorities, and immigrants wont participate

Sampling - statistical sampling techniques not used enough

Densely population regions

Low lands, fertile soil, temperate climate

Sparsely population Regions

dry lands, wet lands, high lands, cold lands

Where are 2/3 of the world’s population concentrated?

1. East Asia

2. South Asia

3. Europe

4. Southeast Asia

What are the other clusters

• Northeastern US

• Southeastern Canada

• Parts of Africa along the Atlantic

Dry lands

Areas too try for farming cover 20% of the Earth’s surface, therefore the ability to grow enough food to sustain a large population doesn’t exist

Wet lands

Areas that receive excessive amounts of rainfall (near the equator). Combinations of heat/water quickly deplete the soil of nurtients and make farming hard

Cold Lands

Land near poles that's hard to sustain between temps/permafrost/lack of animals

High lands

Too high, steep, and cold for people to live in

0 AD

250 millions people

1803 AD

1 billion people

1903 AD

1.6 billion people

1950 AD

3 billion people

1987 AD

5 billion people

1998 AD

6 billion people

Stage 1

High stationary

• high death/birth rate

• small total population

Examples of stage 1

remote groups

Stage 1 natural increase

Stable or slow

Stage 1 reasons for death rate

Disease, famine, poor medical knowledge

Stage 2

Early expanding

• high birth rate

• low death rate

Stage 2 natural increase

rapid increase

Stage 2 reasons for death rate

Improvements in medical care and sanitation

Example of stage 2

Egypt, Kenya, India

Stage 3

Late expanding

• decreasing birth rate

• decreasing death rate

Stage 3 natural inrease

Falls more slowly

Examples of stage 3

Brazil

Station 4

Low stationary

• low birth rate

• low death rate

Stage 4 natural increase

stable or low increase

Examples of stage 4

USA, Japan, France, UK

Stage 5

Declining

• VERY low birth rate

• low death rate

Stage 5 natural increase

slow decrease

Examples of stage 5

Germany

CBR

Crude birth rate

Crude Birth Rate

the total # of live births a year of revert 1,000 people alive in the society

CDR

Crude Death Rate

Crude Death Rate

The total # of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

NIR

Natural Increase Rate

Natural increase rate

the percentage of growth of population in a year, computed as the CBR minus the CDR

• doesn't include migration

• usually measured in percentages

TFR

Total Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate

The average # of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years

IMR

Infant Mortality rate

Infant Mortality Rate

annual number of deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births

Doubling Time

the # of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Life Expectancy

the average # of years an individual can be expected to live, iven current social, economic, and medical conditions

#1 country with highest population

China

#2 country with highest population

India

#3 country with highest population

USA

#4 country with highest population

Indonesia

#5 country with highest population

Brazil

#6 country with highest population

Pakistan

#7 country with highest population

Nigeria

#8 country with highest population

Bangladesh

#9 country with highest population

Russia

#10 country with highest population

Japan

Population Pyramid

graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Sex

On the left/right sides of the pyramid

Age

On the y axis

Cohort

Each age grouping

Dependency Ration

the # of people who are too young/old to work, compared to he # of people in their productive years

Dependents

0-14 or 65+

Workers

15-64

Sex Ratio

number of males per hundred females

Europe/North America Sex ratio

95:100

Rest of world sex ratio

102:100

Sex ratio - developing countried

have large # of young people and lower percents of older people

Arithmetic Density

total number of people / area of land measured in km2 or mi2

Physiological density

number of people per / unit of area of arable land

Agricultural Density

number of farmers / total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Agricultural Revolution

10,000 BC

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834 England)

Felt pop was growing too fast for our resources. Believed we needed to practice moral restraint to lower CBR or have a disaster to increase CDR

Critics of Malthus

• resources aren't fixed, possibilism and technology oleads to more resources

• lack of food is due to distribution of wealth

• pop growth stimulates the economy

Karl Marx

overpopulation is the product of capitalization and unjustsocial/economic institutions, not pop growth

Esther Boserup

pop growth supports technological innovation

Julian Simon

ultimate resource is the human mind

Reality

Malthus’s theory has been proven false. Pop has grown rapidly but world food production has grown at a faster rate

Neo-Malthusians

• many countries experiencing population growth due to transfer of medical tech

• new pop is stripping world of resources

Result of pop > food supply

• war

• scarcity of food

• scarcity of farmland

• scarcity of clean air

Stage 1 - Pestilence and Famine

Characteristics - high mortality rates, low life expectancy (30-40)

Causes of Death - Infectious diseases, malnutrition, famine

Population Impact - deaths occur at all ages, slow pop growth

Stage 2 - Receding Pandemics

Characteristics - mortality rates begin to fall due to improvements in sanitation, nutrition, meds

Causes of Death - Epidemics occur less

Pop Impact - life expectancy raises to 50, pop growth speeds up

Stage 3 - Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

Characteristics - less death from diseases

Causes of death - heart diseases, cancer, diabetes, lifestyle related issues

Pop Impact - life expectancy increases to 60+ years, pop growth rate slows down

Stage 4 - Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Characteristics - deaths from degenerative diseases are delayed

Causes of Death - Similar to stage 3, treatment prolongs life

Pop Impact - life expectancy raises to 70+, stable pop growth

Stage 5 - Reemergence of infections Diseases

Characteristics - reemergence of infectious diseases due to antibiotics resistance, globalization, urbanization

Causes of Death - Infectious diseases return with degenerative diseases

Pop Impact - life expectancy may slightly decline