COMPANA LAB LE2

based on ppt only

Skeletal System

*accounts for 20% of the body weight
*consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
*body’s central framework

about 300 bones

How many bones does a baby have at birth?

206 bones

How many bones do adults have?

Types of bones

*Long bones
*Short bones
*Flat bones
*Sesamoid bones
*Irregular bones

Examples of long bones

femur, humerus, tibia, radius, phalanges

Examples of short bones

carpals and tarsals

Examples of flat bones

sternum, cranial bones (frontal, parietal) ribs, scapula

Examples of sesamoid bones

patella, small sesamoid bones in hands and feet

Examples of irregular bones

vertebrae, sacrum, mandible, sphenoid, ethmoid

Bone is a living tissue

A bone is what type of tissue

Types of divisions of skeletal system

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

3 main bone groups of the axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

forms the central axis of the body 

Axial skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Function is to provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the ventral body cavity

Axial Skeleton

skull, ossicles of the middle ear, vertebral column and the thoracic cage (ribcage)

Skull

bone protective cavity for the brain and consists of 22 bones

Skull

Consists of 22 bones

Sutures

Joins the junctions of the skull bones

8

How many cranial bones are there?

14

How many facial bones are there?

6

How many auditory ossicles are there?

Cranial bones

Consists of frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital, and ethmoid

Fontanelle

spots on an infant’s head where the bony plates that make up the skull have not yet come together

6

How many types of cranial bones are there?

8

How many units of cranial bones are there?

8

How many types of facial bones are there?

No, because they lack the ability to regenerate and heal 

Are teeth bones?

Malleus

What bone in the ear is referred to as the “hammer”?

Incus

What bone in the ear is referred to as the “anvil”?

Stapes

What bone is referred to as the “stirrup”?

Foramen magnum

large opening at the base of the skull

Foramen magnum

passageway for the spinal cord to connect to the brain

Vertebral column

surrounds and protects the spinal cord also supports the head

Vertebral column

has 26 bones (24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx bones)

Parts of the vertebral column

Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx

Cervical vertebrae

Vertebrae located at the neck

Thoracic Vertebrae

Vertebrae located at the upper and mid-back

Lumbar vertebrae

Vertebrae located at the lower back

Lumbar vertebrae

has a count of 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

Thoracic vertebrae

has a count of 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)

Cervical vertebrae

has a count of 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

Thoracic vertebrae

Is medium in size

Cervical vertebrae

Is small in size (also light)

Lumbar vertebrae

Is large (also heavy)

Cervical vertebrae

Spinous process is short and bifid (split)

Thoracic vertebrae

Spinous process is longer and pointed

Lumbar vertebrae

Spinous process is thick and broad

Lumbar vertebrae

small foramen but largest body

Thoracic vertebrae

smaller foramen and larger body

Cervical vertebrae

small body but larger foramen

Thoracic vertebrae

function by protecting the heart and lungs, also supports the ribs

Cervical vertebrae 

function by supporting the head, also allows neck movement

Lumbar vertebrae

function is supporting body weight, and also allows bending

Atlas vertebrae

First cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column and allows the “yes” motion of the head

Axis vertebrae

Second cervical vertebra of the vertebral column and allows the “no” motion of the head

Sacrum

name means “sacred bone”

Sacrum

starts as 5 bones but fuses into one super bone during adulthood

Coccyx

means “cuckoo” and is named after a bird because it looks like a bird’s beak

Coccyx

built from 3 to 5 small bones fused together

Scoliosis

is an abnormal lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the spine

Kyphosis

an exaggerated forward curvature of the spine (hunch or rounded back)

Rib cage

encloses and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity, including the heart and lungs

Parts of the rib cage

12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and sternum

Types of ribs

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

True ribs

first seven bones on the rib cage and is connected directly to the sternum

False ribs

attached to the lowest true rib (7th bone) by cartilage and is the next 5 pair of bones after the 7th bone

Floating ribs

smaller than the true and false ribs and is not connected to anything in the front

Appendicular Skeleton

compromised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

Appendicular skeleton

126 bones that support the appendages

Main bone groups of the appendicular skeleton

Pectoral, girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

Pectoral girdle

provides the points of attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Pectoral girdle

consists of the clavicle (collarbone) in the anterior, and the scapula (shoulder blades) in the posterior 

Upper limb

consisting of the humerus (upper arm), radius & ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)

Upper limb

allows lifting, grabbing, throwing, and fine movements

Pelvic girdle

supports body weight, protects pelvic organs, and connects lower limbs

Pelvic girdle

consisting of the hip bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

Lower limb

consisting of the femur, patella, tibia & fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Lower limb

thicker and stronger than the bones of the upper limbs

Quadrate bone

Bone that can pivot and move horizontally and vertically in snakes