Chem Chapter 10

Monosaccharides are either…

Aldehydes and ketones (-dehyde, -tone)

what are Dihdroxyacetone and Glyercaldehyde called? why?

Trioses because they have 3 carbons

What is the difference bewtween the D and L configuration for Carbohydrates?

L config has -OH on the left, while D config has -OH on the right

What is the form of sugars like glucose and fructose?

Rings

Aldehyde + Alcohol =?

Hemaicetal

Ketone + Alcohol = ?

Hemiketal

D- Glucose is a __ and D- Fructose is a __. (Ketone, Aldehyde)

Aldehyde, Ketone

To create a hemiacetal, what carbon does the open chain form of glucose react with? What results from this reaction?

Carbon 5 with -OH group. The product is a cyclic hemiacetal called pyranose

What is the asymmetric center of pyranose called?

Anomer

What is an anomeric carbon?

A carbon from an open chain that linked to a carbon from a ring of glucose (was not there before)

What is the 2 ring form called that results from an open chain linking to glucose(pyranose) ring?

a-D-Glucopyranose and B-D-Glucopyranose

What is the 6 membered ring of sugar called?

Pyranose

What is the 5 membered ring of sugar called?

Furanose

What is the difference between free fructose and Fructose?

Free fructose is just a single monosaccharide, while fructose is bound to glucose

What does heating B-D-Fructopyranose do to the sweetness?

Reduces the sweetness

What are reducing sugars?

Sugars that react with oxidizing agents

What are nonreducing sugars?

Sugars that do NOT react with oxidizing agents

What is a glycosidic bond?

A bond between the anomeric c-atom in glucose and the oxygen atom

When are O-Glycosidic bonds most prominent?

What carbohydrates form long polymers, or when they’re attached to proteins

What is maltose made up of?

2 D-Glucose residues linked to anomeric c-atom through glycosidic link on first sugar, and the -OH atom on another c-atom of the second sugar

What synthesizes Glycosidic bonds?

An enzyme called Glycosyl

Name the 3 most common Disaccharides?

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

What results from C-atom Glucose + C-atom Fructose =??

Sucrose

What does sucrase do to sucrose?

Breaks apart the bonds and turns itself back into glucose and fructose

What is the glucose linked by 1,4-glycosidic linkages?

Maltose

What role does Polysaccharides play?

Storage and structure

If the monosaccharides in a polysaccharides are the same, they are called…

Homosaccharides

If the monosaccharides in a polysaccharides are different, they are called…

Heterosaccharides

What is the most common homopolymer in the animal cell?

Glycogen

What si the most common homopolymer in plant cells?

starch

Amylose is ___ while Amylopectin is ___ (branched/ unbranched)

Unbranched, Branched

What roles does cellulose play in plant cells?

Structure

What is the difference between Alfa and Beta configuration in cellulose?

Alfa creates helix’s and Beta creates straight chains

Carb group + protein =?

Glycoprotein