American race 2

The lost Cause Myth

Civil war as myth and ideology; preservation of the South by casting the confederate defeat in the best possible light

perspective on the civil war (20th)

monuments

justify segregation and slavery

succession caused the war

Robert E. Lee- as a heroic figure (pro slavery)

race and reunion- (pro slavery) a set of conservative traditions by which country could grid itself against racial, political and industrial disorder

The Civil rights movement

political, legal and social struggle (to gain full citizenship for African Americans)

a challenge to segregation; Af-Am are oppressed by the system of laws and customs

non-violent methods(protest marches, boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides.

14th and 15th amendment are ignored in South

Wanted full integration into AM society

Eyes on the prize

After 1945(ww2)

fought against racism abroad while it kept harbouring at home

blacks came home to change

Increased number of Whites condemned segregation

Black equality as a political issue for the Democratic Party

National Association for the Advancement of coloured people (NAACP) 1909

Oldest civil rights organisation in US

W. E. B.Du Bois among others

wanted to abolish segregation and discrimination

attacks through courts

Thurgood Marshal (lawyer)- first Af-am member in supreme court (1967)

Brown v board of Education of Topeka *1954

strikes down Plessy v Ferguson “separate but equal” 1896

→ separate education facilities are unequal; unconstitutional/ violates equal protection cause of 14th amendment

“massive resistance"by segregationist Southerners ( souther strategy to prevent schools desegregation)

White Backlash

negative reaction on racial equality(mostly south)/ efforts to resist desegregation

White citizens’ councils *wcc 1954 -

Massive resistance policy 1956

souther manifesto 1956

White citizens’ councils *wcc 1954 -

pro racial segregation

economical and social oppression and violence and intimidation

Souther manifesto 1956

pro segregation , opposing Brown v. board of education and promoting resistance to desegregation

encouraged southern states to delay or block civil rights

institutional racism on federal level

the Little Rock nine

Af-Am student s were enrolled in Little Rock central hight school in 1957 (NAACP)

People blocked them (danger of white mob)

were preventedd from entering the school in favour of segregation

→ were escorted into the school by soldiers

‘good-old conflict;’between states rights and federal enforcement

“ole miss riot of 1962” (James Meredith) → Universityt of Mississippi ( first black student was bullied/ didn’t want to accept desegregation )

March on Washington 1963

American dream speech by MLK

a landmark civil rights event where hundreds of thousands gathered to advocate for jobs and freedom, highlighting social and economic inequalities.

Successes of the civil rights movement

1955 Rosa Parks montgomery, alabama

→ buss boycott, led my MLK Jr.

1964 Civil rights Act

1965 Voting Rights Act

1964 Civil rights Act

Segregation is illegal, banned discrimination in schools, jobs, and public places/ equal rights

1965 Voting Rights Act

banned racial discrimination in election

Race riots

were violent disturbances arising from racial tensions and discrimination, often leading to protests and clashes with law enforcement.

legal equality = no real equality

urba violence in black neighbourhoods

Black people protested → violence because of police disregard

After voting rights act

1965-1969 → in Norther cities , shocked Whites

expression of grievances against Whites: social and economic suppression continued in both S and N

Radicalisation : Malcolm X

Petty criminal (jail sentence)

Member of Nation of Islam

founds OAAU

Black power movement

Black power movement

a political and social movement advocating for the rights and empowerment of Black Americans, emphasizing self-determination, racial pride, and political activism. self-determination , respect , defence ,responses to racial inequality

Black nationalism

Marcus Garvey (UNIA)1914

as a means of resistance against white supremacy

connection between ; anti-racist fight for liberation and the political perspective of complete economic , cultural and political indepence from white men

Black Power

Stokely Carmichael led the SNCC, promoting a more militant stance towards achieving civil rights and emphasizing pride in Black identity.

‘ black power’ slogan to promote racial self-respect and increase power for blacks in economic and political realms

Black Panther Party 1966-82

nationalist and socialist party

Huey Newton and bobby seale

Used laws to resist white police

protect black community from police brutality

social services and community programs + economic changes

→ revolutionary changes

Desctoyed by FBI

ten points program

‘Radical late MLK a time to break silence

April 4 1967 (NYC)

linked Vietnam war and the Civil rights movement

break with the Johnson administration

A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death.”

The post-civil rights era : color-blindness

ignoring race would ensure equality , allowing racial inequality and segregation to persist

and perpetuating systemic racism. This perspective suggested that by not acknowledging race, society could achieve a fairer treatment for all.

Bob Dylan “only a pawn in their game

supremacy and racism ia a real concept that is practices and lives reality

black are discriminated , inferior and other; racist behaviour actions in pop music institutional nature of racism