MODERNISATION OF RUSSIA

Was Russia behind or ahead it’s western competitors?

behind

What war highlighted Russia’s lack of development?

Crimea

What did Russia focus on producing in the years 1880-1914?

ships, weapons and munitions

What kind of farming was used?

subsistence

What natural resources did Russia have?

oil, iron, coal and timber

What uncontrollable condition is Russia subject to?

weather

What was the biggest obstacle in modernisation?

emancipation of the serfs

Who are factories run by in the 1880’s?

the state

what did factories in the 1880’s manufacture?

military goods

Where was domestic craft based in the 1880’s?

in the home of peasants

what are Actels?

workshops making things for the domestic market

what did private industries make?

textiles and sugar

How much of the total domestic demand did factories around S Petersburg make?

90 per cent

Where was the sugar industry based?

Ukraine

What was happening to the sugar industry?

becoming increasingly mechanised so reduced reliance on imported sugar

What was Vyshnegradsky in his early career?

priest

when did Vyshnegradsky rise t fame?

1887

what were Vyshnegradsky’s measures like?

harsh

How high was vyshnegradsky’s import tariff, when was it enacted?

30 per cent, 1887

Who did Vyshnegradsky’s import tariff help?

iron industry

when was Vyshnegradsky’s loan negotiated, who with?

1888, French

who often paid indirect taxes

the peasants

what did Vyshnegradsky encourage the export of?

grain

what is Vyshnegradsky’s quote?

We ourselves shall not eat but we shall export

When do Vyshnegradsky’s policies occur?

1891-1892

what happens to the weather over 1891/2?

early winter and hot dry summer

how many die from starvation in 1891/2

350,000

when is Vyshnegradsky dismissed?

1892

Who is Vyshengradsky replaced with?

Sergei Witte

what did Sergei Witte believe about economic modernisation?

economic modernisation would curb revolutionary activity

what did Sergei Witte do with the export of grain?

encourage it

what did Sergei Witte do to taxation rates?

increase them

what did Sergei Witte do to the Rouble?

adopt the gold standard

what did Sergei Witte put on foreign industrial goods?

High tariff

what did Sergei Witte get from other countries?

loans, investment and expertise

what did Sergei Witte ensure was state sponsored?

development of heavy industry

What happened to foreign loans by 1900?

20 per cent of state budget used to pay them off

what did Sergei Witte do to agriculture?

underinvest

What did Sergei Witte prioritise industrialisation over?

welfare of the people

what did Sergei Witte fail to develop?

A market in which ordinary people could afford it

what year did industry begin to expand again in?

1908

what did industrial production grow to?

6 percent per annum

in 1914 what was Russia the 4th largest manufacturer of?

coal, pig iron and steel

Ho large was Russia’s industrial power?

5th largest

Between 1910-1913 how manyjoint stock companies did Russia have?

747

What was foreign investment in 1890 vs 1914?

14 percent to 26 percent

In the 1890’s who was Russia’s industrial growth higher than?

everyone

What railway did Sergei Witte develop?

Trans-siberian