Cerebral Perfusion and Traumatic Brain Injury Overview

Cerebral Perfusion

Blood flow to brain tissues for function.

TBI

Traumatic brain injury from external force.

Primary Brain Injury

Immediate damage from trauma to brain.

Secondary Brain Injury

Delayed damage from biochemical processes.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Assessment tool for consciousness level.

Level of Consciousness

Awareness and responsiveness of a patient.

Pupillary Reaction

Pupil response to light and stimuli.

MAP

Mean arterial pressure; vital sign indicator.

Apraxia

Inability to perform purposeful movements.

Ataxia

Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements.

Dyskinesia

Abnormal, uncontrolled movements.

Hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body.

Nystagmus

Involuntary eye movement, often rhythmic.

Anesthesia

Loss of sensation in a body part.

Paresthesia

Abnormal sensation, such as tingling.

Blunt Trauma

Injury without skin penetration.

Penetrating Trauma

Injury with skin penetration by an object.

Epidural Hematoma

Blood accumulation between skull and dura mater.

Subdural Hematoma

Blood accumulation between dura and arachnoid layers.

Intracerebral Hematoma

Bleeding within the brain tissue.

Skull Fracture

Break in skull bone due to trauma.

Linear Skull Fracture

Non-displaced fracture from low-velocity impact.

Depressed Skull Fracture

Inward indentation of skull from high-impact injury.

Severe TBI Mortality Rates

GCS 3-5: 60-80% mortality risk.

Comminuted Fracture

Multiple bone fragments from high-impact injury.

Compound Fracture

Depressed fracture with scalp laceration.

Basilar Skull Fracture

Fracture at the base of the skull.

Raccoon's Eyes

Periorbital ecchymosis indicating skull fracture.

Battle's Sign

Postauricular bruising indicating skull fracture.

Concussion

Brain movement within the skull from impact.

Contusion

Brain injury beneath impact site from force.

Coupe-Contracoup Injury

Injury from brain rebounding against skull.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Shearing damage to brain pathways from twisting.

Altered Cerebral Perfusion

Impaired blood flow to the brain.

Stroke

Sudden loss of brain function due to blood flow.

Ischemic Stroke

75% of strokes, caused by blood clots.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

25% of strokes, caused by blood vessel rupture.

Thrombosis

Formation of a clot within a blood vessel.

Embolism

A moving clot that obstructs blood flow.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Bleeding into the space surrounding the brain.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself.

BE FAST

Stroke assessment tool focusing on balance and facial droop.

NIH Stroke Scale

11 assessments to quantify stroke severity.

CT Scan

Imaging test for diagnosing brain injuries.

MRI

Magnetic imaging for detailed brain examination.

Echocardiogram

Ultrasound to assess heart abnormalities.

Blood Pressure (BP)

Vital sign indicating cardiovascular health.

Temperature (Temp)

Body's measure of heat, vital for homeostasis.

Stroke Risk Minimization

Strategies to reduce chances of stroke recurrence.

Anti-coagulant Medications

Drugs that prevent blood clot formation.

Anti-platelet Medications

Drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation.

Aspiration Prevention

Measures taken to avoid inhalation of substances.

Physical Therapy (PT)

Rehabilitation to improve movement and function.

Occupational Therapy (OT)

Therapy to enhance daily living skills.

Seizure Precautions

Safety measures to prevent seizure-related injuries.

Ischemic Stroke

Stroke caused by blocked blood flow to the brain.

rtPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

Medication to dissolve blood clots in strokes.

Mechanical Thrombectomy

Surgical procedure to remove blood clots mechanically.

Cerebral Edema

Swelling in the brain due to fluid accumulation.

Mannitol

Osmotic diuretic used to reduce cerebral edema.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke caused by bleeding in the brain.

Vasospasm

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications that relax blood vessels and lower BP.

Nimodipine

Calcium channel blocker used for vasospasm treatment.

External Ventricular Drain (EVD)

Device to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid.

Craniotomy

Surgical opening of the skull to access the brain.

Craniectomy

Surgical removal of a portion of the skull.

Subdural Hematoma

Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid layers.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Internal bleeding within the brain tissue.

Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis

Principle stating cranial volume components must balance.

Brain Herniation Types

Various shifts of brain tissue due to pressure.