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internet
a global computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, nonproprietary (open) communication protocols
any computing device can join as long as they follow the protocol (rules)
computing device
a physical machine that can run a program
connect with other computing devices to form a computing system
computing network
a group of computing devices that can share data with each other
computing system
a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose
packets
smaller chunks of data sent to or from the internet
data is broken up into packets when there is too much data to send
metadata about packets
where a packet is from
where a packet is going
how a packet should be reassembled
routers
sequences of connected networking devices that forward data between computer networks
determine the best path for data to travel based on network conditions and routing tables
routing
the process of finding the best path to send packets of data from the source to the destination
bandwidth
the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a specific period of time over a network connection (rate of data transfer)
usually measured in bits/sec
latency
aka ping time/rate
the delay between when data is sent and when it is received
usually measured in bits/millisecond
low latency > high latency
internet protocol
a standard set of rules that all computing devices need to follow in order to communicate with each other over the internet
open and nonproprietary
tcp
transmission control protocol
governs how packets are created and reassembled
ip
internet protocol
moves packets to their destinations
gives devices unique numerical addresses in order to communicate
ensures reliable, ordered, and error checked delivery of data packets (adds instructions for reassembly/redelivering packets)
two versions of ip
ipv4
four numbers 0-225 separated by periods
2³² possibilities
ipv6
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
2¹²⁸ possibilities
udp
used datagram protocol
eliminates error error checking in packet transfer to offer a faster stream of information
does not guarantee complete delivery or correct order of packets
world wide web
www.
a system of web pages, programs, and files
browsable over http
http
hypertext transfer protocol
controls how web page data is transmitted
enables communication between web browsers
tcp, ip, udp vs. http
tcp, ip, udp: used to transmit data over networks
http: used to transmit data over the world wide web
scalability
the capacity for a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands
fault tolerance
the ability of a system to function properly in the event of component failure
redundancy
the inclusion of duplicate/extra components
can be used to mitigate the failure of a system if other components fail
increase fault tolerance
benefits of fault tolerance
help reduce hardware malfunctions and cyber attacks
increases reliability of a system
can reduce damage of a cyber attack (can get around overwhelmed networks)
makes it easier for a system to expand
disadvantages of fault tolerance
requires more resources
expensive in materials and maintenance to build new resources
hardware malfunctions
issues or failures with physical computer components
cyber attacks
deliberate attempts by individuals to gain unauthorized access to a system
parallel computing
a program is broken into smaller sequential computing operations using multiple processors (parts of a computer that execute instructions)
saves time and scales more effectively
sequential computing
traditional method of executing instructions in a sequential order
distributed computing
multiple devices are used to run a program
allows users to share information
allows people to solve complex problems (that they wouldn’t otherwise be able to due to lack of storage or too much processing time)
calculating sequential execution time
find the sum of the time required for all the steps in a program
calculating parallel computing time
depends on the number of cores (more cores = faster solution)
add startup time
parallelize the time needed for each step and solve
core
individual processing unit
speedup
the measure of how much faster one solution or algorithm performs compared to another solution or algorithm when solving the same problem
formula: time taken to sequentially complete / time taken to complete in parallel
speed limits
check whether all steps are independent or if some are linked