unit 4: computer systems and networks

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33 Terms

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internet

a global computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, nonproprietary (open) communication protocols

  • any computing device can join as long as they follow the protocol (rules)

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computing device

a physical machine that can run a program

connect with other computing devices to form a computing system

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computing network

a group of computing devices that can share data with each other

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computing system

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

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packets

smaller chunks of data sent to or from the internet

data is broken up into packets when there is too much data to send

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metadata about packets

where a packet is from

where a packet is going

how a packet should be reassembled

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routers

sequences of connected networking devices that forward data between computer networks

determine the best path for data to travel based on network conditions and routing tables

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routing

the process of finding the best path to send packets of data from the source to the destination

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bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a specific period of time over a network connection (rate of data transfer)

usually measured in bits/sec

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latency

aka ping time/rate

the delay between when data is sent and when it is received

usually measured in bits/millisecond

low latency > high latency

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internet protocol

a standard set of rules that all computing devices need to follow in order to communicate with each other over the internet

open and nonproprietary

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tcp

transmission control protocol

governs how packets are created and reassembled

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ip

internet protocol

moves packets to their destinations

gives devices unique numerical addresses in order to communicate

ensures reliable, ordered, and error checked delivery of data packets (adds instructions for reassembly/redelivering packets)

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two versions of ip

ipv4

  • four numbers 0-225 separated by periods

  • 2³² possibilities

ipv6

  • hexadecimal numbers separated by colons

  • 2¹²⁸ possibilities

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udp

used datagram protocol

eliminates error error checking in packet transfer to offer a faster stream of information

does not guarantee complete delivery or correct order of packets

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world wide web

www.

a system of web pages, programs, and files

browsable over http

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http

hypertext transfer protocol

controls how web page data is transmitted

enables communication between web browsers

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tcp, ip, udp vs. http

tcp, ip, udp: used to transmit data over networks

http: used to transmit data over the world wide web

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scalability

the capacity for a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands

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fault tolerance

the ability of a system to function properly in the event of component failure

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redundancy

the inclusion of duplicate/extra components

can be used to mitigate the failure of a system if other components fail

increase fault tolerance

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benefits of fault tolerance

help reduce hardware malfunctions and cyber attacks

increases reliability of a system

can reduce damage of a cyber attack (can get around overwhelmed networks)

makes it easier for a system to expand

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disadvantages of fault tolerance

requires more resources

expensive in materials and maintenance to build new resources

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hardware malfunctions

issues or failures with physical computer components

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cyber attacks

deliberate attempts by individuals to gain unauthorized access to a system

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parallel computing

a program is broken into smaller sequential computing operations using multiple processors (parts of a computer that execute instructions)

saves time and scales more effectively

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sequential computing

traditional method of executing instructions in a sequential order

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distributed computing

multiple devices are used to run a program

allows users to share information

allows people to solve complex problems (that they wouldn’t otherwise be able to due to lack of storage or too much processing time)

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calculating sequential execution time

find the sum of the time required for all the steps in a program

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calculating parallel computing time

depends on the number of cores (more cores = faster solution)

add startup time

parallelize the time needed for each step and solve

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core

individual processing unit

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speedup

the measure of how much faster one solution or algorithm performs compared to another solution or algorithm when solving the same problem

formula: time taken to sequentially complete / time taken to complete in parallel

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speed limits

check whether all steps are independent or if some are linked