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Middle Passage
The voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the 'New World' as part of the triangular trade.
Harem
The property where the Sultan's wives lived, secluded from public duties and unable to leave.
Rationalism
The belief that knowledge is primarily based on reason and logical thinking.
Cosmopolitanism
The idea that all human beings are members of a single community and have obligations to others.
Empires
Powerful states that conquer and rule over large territories and diverse populations.
Serfdom
The condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude that many peasants lived under during feudalism.
Mehmet II
The Ottoman Sultan who expanded the empire and conquered Constantinople.
Nur Jahan
The influential Mughal queen who was considered the real power behind the throne.
Aurangzeb
The Mughal Emperor who expanded the empire to its greatest extent and ruled with strict Islamic policies.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
Flat World
Friedman’s idea that technology is leveling the playing field in terms of access to knowledge and power
Tribalism
The state of being organized into tribes and caring only about things that affect oneself.
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to one's nation, prioritizing its culture and interests over others.
Outsourcing
The practice of sending jobs to other countries with lower labor costs.
Teotihuacan
An ancient Mesoamerican city where the Aztecs lived.
Aztec
A civilization in central Mexico known for its human sacrifice and complex centralized government.
Inca
An empire in Peru known for its sophisticated road system, architectural achievements, and great wealth.
Maya
A civilization in Southeast Mexico known for its calendar, architecture and location.
Russian
The empire that expanded into the Balkans and had a distinct culture and ruling dynasty.
Qing Dynasty
A Manchurian dynasty in China known for its distinctive clothing, hairstyles, and adoption of Confucian values.
Mercantilism
A nationalist economic policy that aims to maximize exports and accumulate resources within a country.
Encomienda
A labor system imposed by Spanish conquests that forced indigenous people to work under harsh conditions.
Gun slave cycle
The cycle in which Africans were compelled to trade slaves in order to obtain necessary military technology for defense.
Mestizo
A person of mixed white and indigenous descent, occupying a middle position in society.
Kievan Rus
The first eastern Slavic state founded by the Viking Oleg.
Silver Trade
The first global trade network dominated by the exchange of silver between Asia, Europe, and the Americas. (Especially in China because they switched from paper money to silver and were in high demand)
The Mandate of Heaven
The belief in ancient China that there was only one legitimate ruler chosen by the gods.
Devshirme
Forced labor in the Ottoman Empire that recruited Christian boys for military service and social advancement.
Hernan Cortez
The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire through strategic tactics and alliances.
Moctezuma
The Aztec Emperor who mistook Hernan Cortez as a god and was captured by him.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The longest ruling Sultan of the Ottoman Empire known for his law-giving and large population under his rule.
Peter the Great
The Russian Emperor who modernized and westernized Russia during his reign.
Catherine the Great
The powerful empress of Russia known for her territorial expansions, Westernization of Russia, educational reforms, and patronage of the arts.
Akbar the Great
The Mughal Emperor of India known for his religious tolerance, military strength, and inclusive policies.
Printing press
An invention that revolutionized the spread of knowledge and ideas during the Renaissance.
Humanism
A philosophical stance that was made more popular during Renaissance, emphasizes the potential and agency of human beings and their moral and intellectual development.
Heliocentrism/geocentrism
The debate between the belief that the sun or the earth is the center of the universe.
Indulgences
Pardons for sins granted by the Catholic Church, which became a subject of criticism during the Protestant Reformation.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant denominations.
Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing the authority of the pope and promoting religious art.
Council of Trent
An ecumenical (between different Christian Churches) council of the Catholic Church held in Trent, Italy, to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformation. 1545-1563
Calvinism
A form of Reformed Christianity created by John Calvin that emphasizes predestination and the sovereignty of God.
Empiricism
The idea that knowledge comes from sensory experiences and observations.
Deism
The belief made during the Enlightenment that a non-interventionist God created the universe but does not interfere in human affairs.
Leonardo Da Vinci
A renowned artist, scientist, and inventor of the Renaissance period. Painted Mona Lisa and was famous for Virtruvian Man problem
Michelangelo
A famous Italian artist and sculptor known for his masterpieces such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.
Raphael
An Italian painter and architect known for his exquisite paintings and contributions to Renaissance art.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.
Galileo Galilei
An Italian astronomer and physicist who made significant contributions to the development of modern science. Also vouched for Copernicus’ belief of Geocentrism.
Johannes Kepler
A German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer known for his laws of planetary motion.
Isaac Newton
An English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation during the scientific revolution.
René Descartes
A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist known for his contributions to rationalism and Cartesian coordinate system.
Voltaire
A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for his belief that religious intolerance was against laws of nature and creation of “Deism”. (absolutely hated the Catholic church)
John Locke
Democrat, believed humans are inherently neutral people when they’re born, and their experiences define who they are.
Thomas Hobbes
An Authoritarian English philosopher who believed that humans will destroy each other in the absence of authority
Jahangir
Son of Akbar, was a good leader but had a drug problem so his wife (Nur Jahan) took over his thrown
Confucianism
Philosophy emphasizing moral values and social harmony. Teaches respect for elders, loyalty, and righteousness. Stresses the importance of education, self-cultivation, and ethical behavior in creating a harmonious society.
Mughal Empire
Ruled South Asia from 1526 to 1857
Founded by Babur, a Central Asian conqueror
Known for religious tolerance and cultural achievements
Taj Mahal, a famous monument, was built during this period
Ottoman Empire
Ruled over Balkans in southeastern Europe across Anatolia, Central Asia, Arabia, and North Africa. Known for its military strength, administrative efficiency, and cultural diversity. Ruled by sultans, it reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent. Was muslim.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Spanish Dominican friar
Advocate for indigenous rights
Fought against colonization
Criticized mistreatment of Native Americans
Renaissance
When: 1400-1600
Where: Italy Significance: Cultural and intellectual movement
Key Features: Revival of art, literature, and science Impact: Transition from medieval to modern period
Fall of Constantinople
1453
“Discovery” of America by Columbus
1492
Beginning of Protestant Reformation
1517
Peace of Augsburg
Treaty signed in 1555, ending religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire.
Thirty Years’ War
lasted from 1618-1648, ended protestant reformation
Scientific Revolution
1550-1700
Enlightenment
A movement in 1650-1780 mostly lead by Philosophers that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. It challenged traditional authority and promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and progress.
Philosophes
Enlightenment thinkers in 18th-century France who advocated reason, science, and progress.
How were Asian/Eastern European Empires different from Western ones when it came to colonization?
Western countries such as Britain and France had more of a global impact in terms of colonization
Columbian exchange which can be linked to slavery happened.
Empires like the Mughals, Ottomans, and Qing Dynasty however were more local
Static
The worlds wealth is _
The creation of Adam
Michelangelo's masterpiece in the Sistine Chapel depicting God reaching out to touch Adam's finger, symbolizing the creation of human life.
Peter the Great's Westernization of Russia effect the country, even in modern times (skip this in learn mode)
Effects of Peter the Great's Westernization on Russia: Modernization of military, bureaucracy, and education systems. Adoption of Western fashion, customs, and technology. Shift towards a more centralized and autocratic government. Influence on Russia's cultural, political, and economic development.
Social Contract
Citizens trade some freedoms for protection and societal benefits in an agreement with their government. This concept highlights the mutual obligations between the state and its people.
Akbars House of Worship
Complex of religious buildings constructed by Emperor Akbar. It served as a symbol of religious tolerance, housing a mosque, temple, and church. The architecture reflects a blend of Islamic, Hindu, and Persian styles.
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