Giddes APUSH Chapter 22

Jefferson Davis

president of Conf states of Amer; imprisoned for 2 yrs after war's end; later pardoned by Johnson; no VA jury would convict him + his conspirators

"Rebel leaders" pardoned

Johnson forgave all Conf leaders as a christmas gift in 1868 bc no VA jury would convict them

South's 'recovery'

S had a ruined economy, banks, + businesses (inflation); transportation system was broken down; South's crops field grew nothing; no slave system, + seeds were scarce + livestocks were sent away by Northerners

Emancipation

southern plantation owners' investment of $2+ billion in slaves was gone after slaves were freed

Exodusters

25k Afr Amer moved from post-Reconstruction S (LA, TX, MI) to KS in 2 yrs (1878-1880) were called; stemmed when steamboat captains refused to transport more blacks across MI River

"Black churches"

after emancipation, black community established churches w/their own ministers; grew quickly + protected blacks' freedom

American Missionary Association

provided female missionaries as teacher to educate emancipated Afr Amer

Freedmen's Bureau

created by Congress in 1865; to be a welfare agency to freedmen + white refugees; provided food, clothing, medical care, + education; educated 200k blacks how to read; not welcomed by South + expired in 1872

Oliver O. Howard

union general; head of the Freedmen's Bureau; later founded + served as President of Howard University in DC

Andrew Johnson

17th president; never attended school + taught himself how to read; w/Republican veto proof Congress; distrusted by South; Democrat + never accepted by Republicans; president who wasn't ever elected to office; not at home in White House; had supremacist view; born in impoverished parents in NC; refused to secede TN; appointed war governor + served in danger after TN was redeemed; misfit for presidency

"10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan

1863; Lincoln's reconstruction plan; said that states could come back into Union when 10% of state's voters in election of 1860 swore allegiance to US + pledged to obey by emancipation; disliked by Congress cuz it hinted at renewed planter aristocracy

Wade-Davis Bill

Republicans made this bill through Congress in 1884 because didn't like 10% reconstruction plan; required 50% of states' voters to swear allegiance + demanded stronger protection for emancipation

"Radical" Republicans

minority group of republicans; believed that South should pay more for leaving; wanted social structure destroyed, planters punished, + blacks protected by law

Johnson's "Reconstruction proclamation"

Johnson thought reconstruction should be quick + painless like Lincoln; same plan as Lincoln's 10% plan; disfranchised certain leading Conf (w/taxable properties worth >$20k) even tho they could appeal personal pardons; called for states conventions (needed to repeal secession law, renounce all Conf debt + ratify 13th Amendment)

Disfranchised

deprived right to vote

Thirteenth Amendment

1865; freed all slaves; abolished slavery

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to regulate affairs of freedmen; re-enslaved blacks economically + socially; MI was harshest; GA was most lenient; fields needed to be plowed for cotton crop, blacks had technicalities of labor contracts + worked for very low wages; for whites to ensure their racial supremacy

Sharecropping

system where a farmer tended a portion of planter's land for share of crop

Alexander Stephens

ex-VP of Conf; chosen as representative for GA even tho under indictment for treason

Morrill Tariff Act

increased duties back to 1846 level (25%) to raise revenue for civil war; passed in absence of southern democrats

Pacific Railroad Act

1862; union pacific + central pacific competed to finish transcontinental railroad; passed in absence of southern democrats

Homestead Act of 1862

gave applicant land ownership ('homestead') at little or no cost; passed in absence of southern democrats

Republican political advantage

1861-1865; Republican successfully passed pro-north legislation (Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, + Pacific Railroad Act); after war + readmission of southern delegates, republicans didn't want to give up their advantage + feared that south would undo work

Civil Rights Bill

passed over Johnson's veto; granted freedmen right to Amer citizenship + struck Black codes; made it a crime to deprive blacks of rights to sue, testify in court, or own property

Fourteenth Amendment

ratified in 1868; Civil Rights Bill into Constitution; most sweeping amendments ever passed; proved to be major pillar of law; 1) conferred civil rights (citizenship, excluding franchise), 2) reduced representation of every state in Congress + Electoral College if denied blacks to vote, 3) disqualified federal + state office for former Confs. 4) guaranteed federal debt, while repudiating all Conf debt

Congressional Elections of 1866

Johnson toured country to get support but ended up worsening his reputation; republicans gained enough seats for ⅔ majority in House + Senate; allowed them unlimited control of reconstruction

Charles Sumner

led radical republicans in senate; tirelessly labored for black freedom + racial equality

Thaddeus Stevens

led radical republicans in house; leading figure on Joint Committee on reconstruction; crusty congressman from PA; defending fugitive slaves in court w/o fee + wanted to be buried in black cemetery

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

appointed by Congress to come up w/way of reconstructing South economically + socially; created 14th amendment (citizenship to all)

Enfranchise/suffrage

civil right to vote

Reconstruction Act

passed by congress; divided south into 5 military districts, each commanded by union general + policed by union soldiers (20k total); required states wishing to be readmitted to ratify 14th amendment; states' constitutions had to allow ex-male slaves to vote

Fifteenth Amendment

adopted in 1870; extended suffrage to Afr Amer; passed by Congress in 1869

Military Reconstruction

1867; divided south into 5 district + placed them under military rule; required southern states to ratify 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen right to vote in convention to write new state constitution; seized some function of president as commander in chief + set up martial regime of dubious legality

Ex parte Milligan

1866; supreme court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal in areas where civil courts were open (even during wartime)

Redeemers

white southerners democrats; wanted to get control from republican regime in south after reconstruction; used political power to oppress freedmen; called 'home rule' regime

Reconstruction-era Amendments

13th, 14th + 15th amendments; delighted ex-abolitionists + disappointed women's rights advocates

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

prominent advocate for women's rights; organized seneca falls convention w/mott; 1 of the women's rights leader who gave up her demands + focused towards black emancipation

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer; campaigned for women's rights + temperance; abolitionist; helped form national woman's suffrage association; 1 of the women's rights leader who gave up her demands + focused towards black emancipation

Woman's Loyal League

women's organization formed to bring end to civil war + gather 400k signs on petitions asking congress to pass amendment banning slavery

Women's suffrage

women's right to vote; denied to women by 15th amendment; Elizabeth Stanton + Anthony couldn't add 'gender' to conditions for suffrage

Union League

reconstruction-era Afr Amer organization; originally pro-Union based in N; turned league into clubs where ppl learned abt civic duties + advocated for republicans; goal - build black schools + churches, represent Afr Amer injustices to local employers/govt, + enroll militias to protect neighborhoods from white racism + riots

Hiram Revels

1st black senator of MI + served in DC

Blanche K. Bruce

senator from MI for 6 years (1875-1881); 1st black to serve full term in senate in DC

"Scalawags"

southern whites (unionists + whigs); supported republican policy throughout reconstruction; ex-conf blamed them for ravaing treasuries of southern states by political influence in radical govt

"Carpetbaggers"

northerners; packed all goods into carpet bag suitcase at war's end + came to south to get profit (personal power), especially ones who tried to get (political or other) advantage from disorganized states; most were ex-Union soldiers + northern businessmen/professionals; wanted to play role in modernizing south

Boss Tweed

political boss; carried corruption to new extremes + cheated NYC out of $100+ million

Ku Klux Klan

'invisible empire of the south'; founded in 1866 in TE; embittered white southerners (ones that resented success + ability of black legislators)l would terrorize, mutilate, + murder 'upstart' blacks or supporters to 'keep them in their place'

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

congress was outraged by lawlessness (of KKK)+ passed these; federal troops aboul stamp out KKK'; many forbidden groups continued strategy in concealment of different clubs + events

Literacy tests

used during voting; targeted illiterate blacks + whites

Tenure of Office Act

1867; congress passed law that required president to secure consent of senate before he could remove appointees once they had been approved

Edwin M. Stanton

secretary of war; appointed by Lincoln; Johnson dismissed him in spite of tenure of office act; congress wanted to impeach Johnson

"Johnson's Impeachment"

Johnson was impeached for 'high crimes + misdemeanors' (violated tenure of office act - dismisses Stanton w/o approving w/senate) + verbal assaults on congress; tribunal ruled not guilty

Benjamin F. Butler

leader of prosecution of Johnson w/Stevens; hard time building compelling case for impeachment of Johnson

Alaska

russian territory + sold to US for $7.2 million in 1867; called 'seward's icebox, frigidia, + walrussia'

William Seward

expansionist; secretary of state; responsible for buying Alaska from russia for $7.2 million; criticized by decision by uninformed countrymen

"Seward's Folly"

nickname given to Alaska by Seward's critics; his negotiations of buying Alaska from russia; everyone thought this was a mistake but it was the biggest bargain after LA purchase