4th a&p test

Epididymis

Sperm maturation

LH

Triggers ovulation

Glomerulus

Blood filtration

Gallbladder

Stores bile

IgG

Most abundant antibody

Leydig Cells

Make testosterone

Pineal Gland

Secretes melatonin

Horses

Pseudoruminants

Prolactin

Milk production

Oviduct

Fertilization site

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium

Rumen

Fermentation

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle movement

Progesterone

Corpus luteum hormone

Humoral Immunity

Antibody-mediated

Omasum

Water absorption

Glucagon

Raises blood sugar

B Cells

Make antibodies

Parietal Cells

Secrete HCl

Hypothalamus

Links nervous & endocrine

Nephron

Kidney functional unit

Brush Border

Small intestine

Oxytocin

Uterine contractions

Cortisol

Stress hormone

Amylase

Breaks down carbs

Sperm pathway

Testes → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → Outside

Cremaster Muscle

Raises/lowers testes

Pampiniform Plexus

Heat exchange

Scrotal Skin

Sweating for cooling

Estrous Cycle Stages

Proestrus → Estrus → Metestrus → Diestrus

Proestrus

FSH

Estrus

Heat

Metestrus

Corpus luteum forms

Diestrus

Progesterone high

Insulin

Lowers blood sugar

Glucagon

Raises blood sugar

Pituitary Gland

Master gland

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

GH

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Oxytocin

Pineal Gland

Melatonin; sleep & breeding

Thyroid Gland

Metabolism

Parathyroid Gland

Raises blood calcium

Pancreas (Endocrine)

Insulin

Endocrine

Bloodstream transport

Paracrine

Nearby cells

Autocrine

Same cell

Steroid Hormones

Lipid-based

Peptide Hormones

Protein-based

Amines

From amino acids

Endocrinology

Study of hormones

Endocrine Glands

Organs that release hormones

Volatile Fatty Acids

Acetate

Prehension

Picking up food

Mastication

Chewing

Deglutition

Swallowing

Digestion

Chemical + mechanical

Absorption

Nutrients enter blood

Assimilation

Body uses nutrients

Egestion

Waste leaves body

Rumen

Microbial fermentation

Reticulum

Regurgitation & foreign object trap

Omasum

Water absorption

Abomasum

True stomach

Function of Digestive System

Breakdown

Monogastric Example

Dogs

Ruminant Example

Cattle

Hindgut Fermenter

Horses

Microbial Fermentation

Microbes break down fiber

Bowman’s Capsule

Collects filtrate

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Reabsorbs nutrients & water

Loop of Henle

Water & salt balance

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Final ion balance

Collecting Duct

Final urine concentration

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

How well kidneys filter blood

Hilus

Where vessels & ureter enter kidney

Cortex

Outer kidney layer

Medulla

Inner kidney layer

Functions of Renal System

Remove waste

Kidney Function

Filter blood & make urine

Urine Formation Steps

Filtration

Hygiene Hypothesis

Too much cleanliness may increase allergies

B Cells

Make antibodies

Killer T Cells

Destroy infected cells

Macrophages

Main tissue phagocytes

IgA

Found in mucus

IgD

Activates B cells

IgE

Parasites & allergies

IgM

First antibody made in infection

Pathogen

Disease-causing organism

Antigen

Molecule that triggers immune response

What Does “Self” Mean in the Immune System?

Cells display MHC I as a self-marker

Innate Immunity

Fast

Adaptive Immunity

Slow

First Line of Defense

Skin

Second Line of Defense

Inflammation

Third Line of Defense

Adaptive immunity

Complement Proteins

Liver-made proteins that help destroy pathogens

Inflammation

Heat

Cytokines

Signaling proteins that activate immune responses

Opsonization

Tagging pathogens for destruction