Social Science Reading

The "brief era of human growth" began less than __________________________ years ago

12,000 years ago

ESS provides an easy-to-understand way for non-specialists to obtain a ______________ and __________________ picture of how climate works

simplified and accurate

________________________ and the Earth's climate system mix to shape climatic conditions

The Sun's energy

The layer of sediment or mud on the bottom of lakes and the ocean contain information about the historical composition and content of water such as the amount of ________________________

pollen

Weather diaries are often included in

Ship logbooks

What 2 societal proxies are controversial?

Artworks and Grain prices

What does paleo mean

historical or old or ancient

What's the "new field that is just beginning to emerge"?

HCS

HCS seeks to apply rigorous analytical methods from the field of __________________ to ensure causal claims

history

Historians did not include climate narratives until

2000

When was the history profession formalized

1800s

Sometimes, scholars use archeological evidence to create historical accounts of what human life was like as far back as ______________________________ years ago

40,000

Most often, historical studies focus on __________________________________

human events in the much more recent past

WHat proxy in Meghalayan?

Mineral Deposits

Name of a city in the Indus Valley

Mohenjo-Daro

The Americas have ____________________ mountains

high

When was the Chavin Culture, the Inca Empire, and the Olmec culture

Chavin: 900-200 BC

Inda: 1400s CE

Olmec: 1200-400 BC

Traditionally, the Middle Ages last until

1450-1500

536 CE led to cold summers for how long?

15 years

There is a view that the ____________ Middle Ages was a rough time to be alive

early

When did agricultural practices and a complex society in China withstand a dry spell

2000 BC to 1600 BC`

Solar minimum and years

Wolf (1280-1350)

Maunder (1654-1715)

Dalton (1790-1820)

Glacial advances in the Alps

late 1200s - 1380

1580s - 1660

1810-1860

In LIA, new routes opened around the _____________________ boundaries of ________________ and ________________________

Southern Boundaries of Africa and South America

Sahel region experienced drying in

1600 andd 1800-1850

In LIA, China experienced

cooler temperatures

Weather in Florida during LIA

cold

Spain claimed vast territories on the __________________ side of Norht America

western

Traditional narrative shows the Middle Ages as a period of

superstition and blind religious fanaticism

The middle phase of the LIA with colder average temperatures that put a strain on superstitious beliefs was when?

1560-1630

Plutonium 239 was due to nuclear testing when

1950s

What does rock strata mean?

It means layers of rock

Crutzen and Steormer proposed Anthropocene started when and why? (2 reasons)

Late 18th century: popularization of the steam engine and early records of increasing GHGs.

Crutzen and Stoermer's Anthropocene date coincides with the

Industrial Revolution

AWG phenomena

1. Erosion and Sediment Transport

2. Perturbing of element cycles

3. Global Warming, Sea-level rise, Ocean acidification, Ocean dead zones

4. Habitat Loss, Species Invasion

5. Dispersion of concrete, fly ash and plastic and technofossils

Coal powers _________________ while oil powers ______________________

Coal powers power plants while oil powers machines (like automobiles)

Practices of __________________________ play a role in fires

forest management

Increased flooding amplified by climate change is expected to continue in

India

Three fields included in ESS (mentioned)

geology, biology, meteorolgy

The IGY studied what?

1. Forms of solar energy

2. Upper atmosphere

3. Meteorlogy

4. Oceanography

5. Gravity

6. Geomagnetism

What nationality is Bert Bolin

Swedish

What is Bert Bolin's primary occupation

Meteorologist

When was GARP?

1967

2 things WCRP has done

1. how atmosphere and hydrosphere interact to create weather

2. raise awareness of cliamte change outside scientists

Conferences and Hosts

1967 GARP - UN, WMO, ICSU

1978 WCRP - UNEP, WMO, ICSU

1985 Villach - UNEP, WMO, ICSU

1988 Toronto - WMO

What did the Chamber of Commerce do in 2019? 2 things

Acknowledge that humans contribute to climate change

Formed a task force to explore relationship between business and climate change

Chamber of Commerce stances

15-10-5-6-3

Kyoto: 5% decrease from 2008-2012 using _____________ levels

1990

How many parties for Paris Agreement

196

For less than 1.5C we need a __________ decline in GHG by 2030 (peak by 2025)

43%

In the Mundurukuu regions, illegal mining was already doing what

polluting the water

How old was Thunberg when she started the FFF movement?

15