matter and energy

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter can exist in various states, including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Composition

What something is made of

Structure

What something is made of and How the components are arranged

pure substance

one element or compund

element

one type of atom

compound

different types of atoms bound together- can’t go back unless chemical reaction

mixtures

combinations of two or more substances that retain their individual properties.

homogenous

components are evenly blended

heterogenous

components are not evenly blended.

Element

a pure substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Molecules

two or more atoms bonded together that can represent elements or compounds.

Diatomic Molecules

Molecules composed of two identical or different atoms bonded together, such as O2 or CO.

Homogeneous mixture

components mix evenly throughout the mixture. For example, salt dissolves in water, producing a homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

components do not mix evenly. For

example, in a mixture of sand and water, the

sand settles to the bottom, creating a region

that is mostly water, and a region that is mostly

sand

Separating Mixtures:

A key difference between compounds and mixtures is that mixtures can be separated into their individual components without changing the identity of the substances.

solid

A state of matter that has a definite shape and volume, with particles that are closely packed together in a fixed arrangement.

liquid

A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape, allowing it to flow and take the shape of its container.

gas

A state of matter that has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume, consisting of particles that are far apart and move freely.

solid to gas

sublimation

ice to water

melting

water to ice

freezing

water to steam

vaporazation

steam to water

condensation

physical properties

changes that don’t change the identity of the substance

physical change

a change that alters one or more physical properties of a substance without changing its chemical composition like melting it and alter the shape

chemical properties

substance reacts with other substances, including its reactivity, acidity, flammability, and corrosion resistance.

chemical change

a process that leads to the transformation of one substance into another by changing its chemical composition, often involving the making or breaking of bonds.

heat energy

kinetic energy, when a substance is heated the particles vibrate or move quickly

energy changes

in reactions that involve heat absorption or release, resulting in temperature variations.

exothermic change

releases heat energy to its surroundings, often resulting in an increase in temperature.

endothermic

change that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a decrease in temperature.