Police in Society Final Exam

Chapters 8-15

The most important and visible part of police work to the public is/are ___________.

Patrol

_____ involve taking reports and providing information and assistance to the public.

Social services

It has commonly been believed in police administration that random routine patrol creates a sense of:

omnipresence

Which of the following is true of the foot-patrol beat?

It should be small enough that it can be covered at least twice per shift

In the San Diego study of one- or two-officer cars, what did the research conclude?

One-person cars produced more arrests

Which of the following is true of directed patrol?

1.It is more proactive, 2.It is based on crime and problem analysis 3.It uses uncommitted time for a specified activity

The ceasefire strategy was directed at what?

1.Illegal weapons, 2.Gang-related violence, 3.Suppliers of illegal guns

Quality-of-life and zero-tolerance policing is based on what?

Broken-windows theory

_____ targets the reduction of physical (e.g., graffiti) and social (e.g., prostitution) disorder to reduce serious crime. 

Quality-of-life policing

Which database holds hundreds of thousands of scanned fingerprints?

AFIS

In the attempt to explain police behavior, this perspective is concerned with the nature of the “police personality”:

Psychological perspective.

Which is not a trait of the police personality?

liberalism

The behavior of a police officer is explained by the characteristics, values, and attitudes that the individual officer had before becoming a police officer. This is known as what?

Predispositional theory

Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the:

Seriousness of the offense committed

Which of the following is NOT an individual officer variable that influences decision making?

Not education, age, or race and gender

This investigative body looked at corruption in the New York City Police Department in the 1960s and 1970s:

Knapp Commission

In the typology of deviant officers, these officers actively seek out opportunities for corruption:

Meat eaters

In the typology of deviant officers, these officers are honest but willing to overlook some of the indiscretions of other officers:

Straight shooters

Subjugation of a defendant’s rights involves __________.

Officers who obtain a conviction through perjury or the planting of drugs on a suspect by a police officers to acquire evidence

Another of the ways the police differ from one another is concerned with making the ends justify the means (Noble cause corruption). This is part of what way?

Different attitudes toward legal and departmental restrictions

Method of regulation as identified by Sykes and Brent (1983), in which officers ask a quiation or make an accusation. 

Definitional 

The stage in police-citizen interactions identified by Bayley when officers make a threat assessment.

Processing

Under the use-of-force continuum, this operates on the assumption that the visible authority of the state is sufficient to deter criminal wrongdoing

Mere Presence

What is defined as force of a degree that is more than necessary to affect a legitimate police function?

Excessive force

There are three categories for which data are required if the extent of the use of deadly force is to be determined. These categories are __________.

Death, injury, and noninjury

What percentage of incidents of police using deadly force involves an officer who is off duty?

15 to 20 percent

This authorized the use of deadly force when a suspect of a serious crime was attempting to run from the police:

Fleeing-felon rule

There are a number of factors that influence the use of deadly force. The neighborhood where the police do their work is an example of what factor?

Environmental variations

Which of the following is true concerning the adoption of more restrictive deadly force policies by police?

These policies are viewed as an alternative to the fleeing-felon rule

Deadly force policy which is justifiable only in those situations in which an officer's life or a third person's life is in jeopardy.

Defense of life policy

This is a general statement that gives guidance to police officers as to the proper course of action:

Departmental policy

What is a specific statement that identifies required or prohibited behaviors by officers?

Rule

Which of the following is NOT one of steps taken by police departments in the investigation of complaints against officers?

Subject the complainant to a lie-detector test to determine his or her honesty.

Which of the following occurs when an investigation into citizen complaints finds that the alleged complaint is essentially true but the officer’s behavior is justified, legal, and within organizational policy?

Exoneration

In the history of civilian review, this era was marked by increased public support for civilian review (also, there were increases in public concern about the criminal justice system):

Second era

In dealing with police misbehavior, this method does not investigate citizen complaints but rather focuses on the police organization and its policies and practices:

Police auditor system

One criterion of professionalism is that there is a unique body of knowledge. Which of the following would be a way to gain this unique body of knowledge?

1. Studying the work of experts, 2. Scientific research, 3. Consulting-modeling.

According to this ethical perspective, it is the results of one’s actions that determine what is moral and good.

Ethical utilitarianism

Which statement best describes ethical formalism?

The ethical perspective, which places a moral worth on doing one’s duty of going by the book.

This ethical perspective is probably a more realistic description of day-to-day police ethics than any other.

Ethical relativism