General Biology I - Life, Phylogeny & The Scientific Process

Biology is

Scientific study of life and what living things do

7 Properties of Life

1. Order

2. Energy Processing

3. Growth & Development

4. Response to Environment

5. Evolutionary Adaptation

6. Reproduction

7. Regulation

Biological Hirearchy

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Communities

4. Populations

5. Organisms

6. Organ

7. Tissues

8. Cells

9. Organelles

10. Molecules

Biosphere

All life and places on earth

Ecosystem

All biotic & abiotic factors that life interacts with ex. forest

Communities

Array of different organisms in the ecosystem ex. all humans living in a city

Populations

All of individuals that are the same species in a particular area ex. a group of humans living in a city

Species

Organisms that interbreed

Organisms

Individual living things; made of organ systems; ex humans

Organ

Structure that is made up of multiple tissues to produce a larger function ex. heart

Tissues

Group of cells that work together to perform a specific function ex. Connective Tissue

Cells

Fundamental Unit of life - unicellular or multicellular ex. muscle cell

Organelles

Made of molecules; functional units of cells ex. Golgi, Mitochondria

Molecules

Chemical structures that are made of 2 or more atoms. ex. Water, H20

Reproduction

Division of cells to make or form new cells

Development

All changes that occur from birth to death, DNA contains instructions to build molecules

Energy

• All organisms will undergo metabolism

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in the cell

Energy will always enter ecosystem as

light exits and enters

Autotrophs (Producers)

Organisms that do photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Process that uses Co2, solar energy and water to convert it into glucose and oxygen

Heterotroph

Cosumers - organisms that eat producers or other consumers

• energy is transfered to the consuming animal

Decomposers (Scarophytes)

Organisms that feed off of stuff that is dead or decaying

Life responding to the environment

Movement away or towards a stimulus; results in a behavior

Regulation

Maintenance of internal conditions in a specific range

Evolution

Process of biological change due to the environment

• modified descendants of common ancestors

Taxonomy

Science discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms

• two part names w hirearchial classification

Domain

Most inclusive; most different types of organisms

Species only

contain 1 organism; 3 domains of life

Domain Bacteria

Live in everyday environments; prokaryotic

Domain Archea

Live in extreme environments; prokaryotic

Domain Eukarya

Contains all eukaryotes; have DNA

Prokaryotes do not contain

DNA

Kingdoms of Eukarya

1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Kingdom Fungi

3. Kingdom Animalia

4. Protists

Kingdom Planta

Autotroph, do not move, terrestrial, multicellular

Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular, decomposers

Kingdom animalia

Heterotrophs, MC, motion

Protists

Diverse group, autotroph & heterotroph, multi or uni cellular

Binomial Nonmenclature

Two part scientific name of species

1. Genus

2. Species

Linnean Classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Phylogeny

Look at the evolutionary history of a species or group of species and can be displayed in the phylogenetic tree

Phylogenetic Tree

Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

The pattern is of

descent

Horizontal Branch

Provides an evolutionary lineage

Branch point

Common ancestor of all groups

Hatch Mark

Characteristics that a group shares to the right of the tree

Sister taxa

Groups of organisms share immediate common ancestors, and they are not shared by anyone else

You cannot assume infer age and

that one taxa evolved from each other

Linking

Groups linked together does not always reflect the correct relationships

DNA may have a key feature

that may support further classification

Systematics

Classifies organisms by looking at evolutionary relationship, only groups with a common ancestor would be named