MLSP MIDTERMS

Disease diagnosis

it tells you how the kidneys are working

Urine Formation

Ultrafiltrate of Plasma

Average daily output

1200mL-1500mL

Normal Daily Output

(600-2000mL also considered normal)

Oliguria

decreased urine output: 400mL/day(adults); occurs at excessive water loss

Anuria

cessation of urine flow; suggests severe kidney damage

Nocturia

 increased excretion of urine during the night

Polyuria

increased urine output:>2.5L/day

URINE COMPOSITION

Urine is normally 95% water and 5% solutes (organic and inorganic)

UREA

nitrogeneous material (protein metabolism)

CREATININE

derived from creatinine (muscle metabolism)

URIC ACID

common component of kidney stones

HIPPURIC ACID

derived from benzoic acid

Nacl

principal salt

potassium

occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

sulfate

derived from amino acids

phosphate

served as buffers in blood

ammonium

derived from protein and glutamine metabolism

magnesium

occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

calcium

occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

urine

classified as biohazard

Random Urine

any urine specimen that the patient has collected at any time of the day; no diet or fluid restriction; good enough for routine screening

First Morning

because it is more concentrated

24 HOUR SPECIMEN

For quantitative measurements

SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION

commonly done on pediatrics or for patients that have difficulty urinating;

CATHETERIZED

collected under sterile conditions by passing a sterile hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder

MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH

less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria

MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH

alternative to catheterized specimens; less traumatic

URINE DRUG SAMPLE COLLECTION

Sample collection is the most vulnerable part of Drug Testing

ADULTERATION

Phlebotomist must ensure that no tampering of the specimen was done by the patient

SUBSTITUTION

use of another urine sample 

DILUTION

patient is adding water to the specimen to reduce the concentration

CHAIN OF CUSTODY

documentation of sample handling

Bluing dye

is placed on toilets to prevent patients to use toilet water to dilute specimen

SEMEN

To evaluate fertility and postvasectomy Procedures. 

vasectomy

vas deferens of the male is constricted

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

Surrounds the brain and spinal cord tosupply nutrients to the nervous tissue

Normal CSF: Clear and Colorless

to diagnose meningitis, subdural hemorrhage, and other neurological disorders

SYNOVIAL FLUID

Clear, pale-yellow, viscous fluid that lubricates and decreases friction in movable joints

SEROUS FLUID

Pale-yellow, watery, serum-like fluid found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

Pleural fluid

aspirated from the pleural space, or cavity, surrounding the lungs

Peritoneal fluid

aspirated from the abdominal cavity

Pericardial fluid

aspirated from the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart

AMNIOTIC FLUID

Clear, almost colorless to pale-yellow fluid that fills the membrane that surrounds and cushions a fetus in the uterus

ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP)

an antigen normally present in the human fetus that is also found in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.

FETAL LUNG MATURITY

Can be assessed by measuring the amniotic fluid levels of substances called phospholipids, which act as surfactants to keep the alveoli of the lungs inflated.

Stomach fluid

examines stomach contents for abnormal substances and measures gastric acid concentration to evaluate stomach acid production.

Basal Gastric Analysis

Aspirating a sample of gastric fluid by means of a tube passed through the mouth and throat

SPUTUM

Mucus or phlegm that is ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing

BUCCAL SWABS

A less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis.

BUCCAL SWABS

The phlebotomist collects the sample by gently massaging the mouth on the inside of the cheek with a special swab.

SALIVA

Fluid secreted by glands in the mouth

SALIVA

specimens for hormone tests, however, are typically frozen to ensure stability and sent to a laboratory for testing.

HAIR

Collected for trace and heavy metal analysis and the detection of drugs of abuse.

BREATH

Collected and analyzed for hydrogen content in one type of lactose tolerance test and to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori

C-Urea Breath Test (C-UBT)

This test is based on the fact that H. pylori produces urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea but is not normally present in the stomach.

Hydrogen Breath Test

can also be used to detect bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION

Most automated area of the laboratory

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

A quantitive science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances (called analytes) in body fluids.

ASAP SAMPLES

The response time for the collection of this test sample is determined by each hospital or clinic and may vary by laboratory tests.

STAT SAMPLES

means the sample is to be collected, analyzed, and results reported immediately.

FASTING SAMPLES

The patient must only have refrained from eating and drinking (except water) for 12 hours

TIMED SAMPLES

Requisitions are frequently received requesting that blood be drawn at a specific time.

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS

For the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes

GTT PREPARATION

Before the test, patients should be instructed to eat a balanced diet that includes 150 g per day of carbohydrates for 3 days and to fast for 12 hours

TWO-STEP METHOD

Requires the patient to receive two tests.

LACTOSE TOLERANCE TEST

Evaluates a patient’s ability to digest lactose, a milk sugar.

VIRUS

Completely dependent on the cells they infect for their survival and replication.

BACTERIA

with both RNA and DNA, metabolic machinery for self-reflication, and a complex cell wall structure

Prokaryotic

simple unicellar organisms

FUNGI

Subdivided into single-celled organisms (yeasts) or multi-celled organisms (molds), with a few medically important members existing in both forms

PARASITES

Subdivided into single-celled organisms (protozoa) or multi-celled organisms (worms and bugs)

Plasmids

small circular molecules of extrachromosomal circular DNA

BINARY FISSION

asexual reproduction of bacteria

GRAM STAIN

Principal stain used for microscopic examination of bacteria

Gram positive

take up the basic dye, crystal purple or violet

Gram negative

allow crystal violet dye to wash out easily with decolorizer alcohol or acetone; safranin; red or pink

Cocci

Cocci – spherical-shaped cells

Bacilli

rod-shaped cells

Spirilla

spiral-shaped cells

Vibrios

comma-shaped cells

Fermentation

Process by which bacteria  catabolizecarbohydrates to produce energy

Respiration

Process of bacterial energy generation rather than fermentation

Stool

Should never be taken from the toilet and should not be contaminated with urine

Urine

Midstream clean-catch is the most common collection method.