ANSC 113 - Outline Review

What are the parts of the scrotum

tunica darots & tunica albigunia

what is the tunica dartos

the smooth muscle in the scrotum

what is the tunica albigunia

the connective tissue in the scrotum

What is number 1

Tail of epididymis

Number 2

Ducts deferens

Number 3

body of epididymis

Number 4

head of epididymis

Number 5

Efferent ducts

Number 6

Tunica albuginea

Number 7

rete testis

Number 8

septa

Number 9

seminiferous tubules

what is found on the INSIDE of the seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells-support sperm

spermatogonia - cells at bottom of seminiferous tubules, starting cell for sperm

spermatocytes - slightly larger growing to sperm cells

spermatids - stage right before becoming spermatozoa

(keep the S’s together)

what is found on the outside of the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

leydig cells - testosterone production

immune cells (fight bad things before they can get to sperm)

blood vessels (duh)

what do sertoli cells do?

Support sperm

life cycle for sperm

1. spermatogonium (large cells with no shape)

2. primary spermatocyte

3. secondary spermatocyte

4. spermatid (not fully developed head)

5. spermatozoa

What separates the inside and outside of the seminiferous tubules

basement membrane

what is found in the intersitial space (outside st)

leydig cells

blood vessels

immune cells

why is the basement membrane important?

provide structural support

acts as a barrier

facilitates signaling between cells

epididymis parts

head, body, tail

where are sperm viable in the epididymis

tail aka cauda

parts of the spermatic cord

pampiniform plexus

cremaster muscle

vas deferens

what does the pampiniform plexus do

counter-current heat exchange

what does the cremaster muscle do

it’s a skeletal muscle that raises and lowers the testicles

what is the vas deferens

transport of spermatozoa until it becomes the urethra

what are the accessory sex glands?

ampulla

seminal vesicles

prostate

bulbourethral

types of penis

fibroelastic & vascular

what type of penis does each animal have

fibroelastic

1. bull

2. ram

3. boar

Vascular

1. horse

what makes the fibroelastic penis different

retractor penis muscle

what is the part of the female reproductive tract that we see?

the vulva, it’s on the outside so visible

inside of female reproductive tract that is connected to the vulva

the vagina

main purpose of vagina

be protective

it’s keratinized to prevent abrasions

cervix difference in animals

sow - corkscrew inverse shaped

mare - straight shot

ewe- circles/rings

what species cervix is this

ewe (sheep)

what species cervix is this

sow (swine)

what species cervix is this

Mare (horse)

Purpose of cervix

secretory

acts as a barrier between uterus and vagina (and penis when it enters)

anatomy specific to species to accept male penis

Uterus purpose

aids in travel of sperm

secretory organ

has 2 horns/branches and 1 body

shape differs between species

why do different species have different uterus shapes

depending on how many offspring they typically have

ex: sow have larger/longer uterine horns bc they are litter bearing species

2 parts of the ovary, where are they located

cortex - outside (except horse)

medulla - middle (inside) (except horse)

cortex function

gametes

oocytes housed in follicles

medulla use

support, contains blood vessels and lymphatics

identify species w/ this ovary, why is it like this?

cow

cortex is on the outside, not litter baring so few follicles

identify species w/ this ovary, why is it like this?

Mare

medulla is on the outside so you can see the blood vessels

identify species w/ this ovary, why is it like this?

Sow, litter baring so more follicles released each ovulation

Because the cortex is on the inside for the mare what does is ovulate with

uses a specialized structgure called the ovulation fossa

where does FSH come from

granulosa cells

where does LH come from

Theca cells

what is different between a primary/secondary follicle and a tertiary/graafian follicle (visibly)

there is a presence of a visible antrum

what is the antrum

the inside the theca outside the zona pellucida, the liquid cells that grow from estrogen as the follicle begins to grow and get closer to ovulation

what do tertiary and graafian follicles produce a high amount of

estrogen

what makes a follicle capable of ovulation

surge of LH

end of estrus period

what hormone causes luteolysis

Prostaglandin

what is luteolysis

the process of the corpus luteum undergoing regression and ceasing its function

what does the corpus hemmoraghicum turn into?

Corpus luteum

during what stage does a corpus hemmoraghicum exist?

metestrus

during what stage does a corpus luteum exist?

diestrus

what does the CL produce

progesterone

what is a corpus albicans

destroyed corpus luteum

what is the cap on the top of the sperm that it uses like a helmet called

acrosome

what must occur for fertilization to be successful

the acrosome needs to be exposed

egg nucleus needs to stop in metaphase II

sperm matures in uterus

what does the sperm bind to in the oocyte

ZP3 on zona pellucida

what does the zona pellucida do

hardens as soon as sperm receptors are activated

prevents multiple sperms fertilizing the egg

what is polyspermy

when multiple spermatozo fertilize the egg

how does the nucleus stuff work

the sperm and egg will form respective nuclei and then come together for metaphase

fertilization stages

1. capacitation

2. binding to oocyte

3. acrosome reaction

what is capacitation

prepares sperm for release of acrosome enzymes

happens in female tract

removes outer plasma and acrosome membranes

what is the name for a zygote with 16 cells

morula

what is the name for a cell with 32 cells

blastocyst

what is different about a blastula

cells are compacted and form a cavity

what causes a blastula to hatch?

the cells divide enough to cause pressure to be placed on the Zona Pellucida causing it to hatch

what is the trophoblast

the outer layer of the placent

What is the yolk sac

the sac that holds nutrients in animals (literally the yellow part of the egg)

how early does the yolk sac form in placental formation

the first thing to form

what is the amnion

part of the placenta

protects fetus and promotes symmetrical growth

it’s the part that directly surrounds the fetus

what is the allantois

directly surrounds the amnion

fuses with the chorion

waste and nutrient reserve

what is the chorion

the outer most layer

fuses with endometrium

• placentomes in ruminants

• diffuse in horses and pigs

• zonary in dogs and cats

• discoid in humans

What type of chorion do horses & pigs have, how does it work

Diffuse, lots of small points of attachment

what type of chorion do dogs and cats have, how does it work

zonary, endotheliochorial (croissant looking one, fetal cells surround mom blood vessels)

what type of chorion do ruminants have, how does it work

cotledonary, has the large points of attachment (placentomes)

what type of chorion do primates have, how does it work

discoid, hemochorial (maternal blood directly touches the fetal cells, cell/blood diagram)

what are placentomes made of

caruncle + cotyledon

what is parturition initiated by

ACTH production

what does parturition cause in maternal hormones

release of oxytosin to coordinate contractions

what is stage 1 of parturition

positioning (superman)

what is stage 2 of parturition

delivery of fetus

what is stage 3 of parturition

expulsion of placental membranes.