Dance Science Outline Week 1

Practice flashcards based on the lecture notes covering anatomy and kinesiology in dance science.

What is the total number of bones in the human body?

206 bones.

What type of bones are flat and protect vital organs?

Flat bones, such as the skull, ribs, and pelvis.

What is the primary goal of long bones?

To facilitate movement.

How do short bones primarily contribute to the body?

They provide stability first, and mobility second.

What is the primary function of irregular bones?

To protect the spine.

Which type of bone is free-floating within a tendon and absorbs shock?

Sesamoid bones.

Name the two sesamoid bones in the human body.

The patella and the sesamoid of the foot.

What is the definition of a joint?

Where two bones meet.

What is the purpose of cartilage in the joints?

Is a soft material that helps to cushion the joints.

What is a ball and socket joint?

A joint where one end of the bone is rounded and the other is cup-shaped.

Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

Shoulders and hips.

What characterizes a hinge joint?

It has a concave and convex interface and typically allows motion in one plane.

What is the structure of a gliding joint?

Both ends of the joint are flat and allow minimal movement.

What initiates voluntary movement in the body?

Skeletal muscles.

What is the origin of a muscle?

Where the muscle begins on the bone.

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Where the muscle ends on the bone.

Describe a concentric contraction.

A contraction where the muscle shortens.

Who are the agonists in a movement?

The primary movers or main muscles producing a movement.

What are antagonists in muscle movement?

Muscles that oppose the action of the primary movers.

What is the role of synergists in movement?

They promote and neutralize a movement.

Define stabilizers in the context of muscle function.

Muscles that fixate a joint.

What are slow twitch fibers (Type 1)?

Muscle fibers that contract slowly and have high resistance to fatigue.

What are fast twitch fibers (Type 2)?

Muscle fibers that contract quickly and have low resistance to fatigue.

What is the primary function of tendons?

To attach muscles to bones.

What do ligaments connect?

They connect bone to bone.

Define movement in the context of biomechanics.

Using leverage to move the body.

What is a lever in anatomical terms?

A rigid bar that moves around a fixed point when effort is applied.

What provides effort in a lever system?

Muscle contraction.

What is the anatomical position?

A standard position where the body faces front, feet parallel, arms by the side, and palms facing forward.

What does the frontal plane do?

It slices the body front to back. Example: jumping jacks OR a la secondé positioning

What does the sagittal plane do?

separates left side to right side (vertical plane)

• Example: bending your elbow OR parallel passé

What is the transverse plane responsible for?

rotational (horizontal plane)

• Example: rotating your head OR hips turning in/out

• Separates upper half from lower half of the body

What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

Above or towards the head.

What does 'inferior' indicate in body positioning?

Below or towards the feet.

Define anterior orientation in the body.

The front side or in front of.

What does posterior refer to in anatomy?

The back side or behind.

Explain what medial means.

Closer to the median plane or towards midline.

Define lateral in anatomical terms.

Farther from the median plane or towards the side.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the root of a limb, trunk, or center of the body.

Explain distal in the context of anatomy.

Farther from the root of a limb, trunk, or center of the body.

What does superficial mean in hierarchical body organization?

Closer to or on the surface of the body.

Define deep in anatomical terminology.

Farther from the surface of the body.

What is dorsal when referring to hands and feet?

The posterior aspect of the hands; top aspect of the foot in anatomical position.

What does palmar refer to?

The anterior aspect of the hands in anatomical position; palm side.

Define plantar in anatomical terms.

The bottom aspect of the foot when standing.

What is flexion in joint movements?

Bending or folding a joint. Example: Bending the knees and the elbows

Provide an example of extension.

Straightening the knee.

What does abduction refer to in movements?

Moving away from the center of the body. Example: Hips to a la secondé position or Shoulders in jumping jack position

Give an example of horizontal abduction.

Palms facing each other and opening to the side.

What is adduction?

Moving towards the center of the body. Example: Hips from a la secondé position

Define external rotation (Lateral) in anatomical movements.

Rotating outwards. Example:

• Hips turning out

• Shoulders rotating outwards like a door opening up

What is the significance of internal (Medial) rotation?

Rotating inwards. Example:

• Hips turning in

• Shoulders rotation inwards and together

What does plantar flexion involve?

Pointing the foot.

Define dorsiflexion.

Flexing the foot.

What does pronation involve?

Rolling the foot inwards; palms facing backward. in anatomical position or down.

What is supination?

Rolling the feet outwards; palms facing forward. in anatomical

position or up

What is Wolff's Law?

Bones adapt their form and structure according to mechanical loads.

Explain Roux's Law.

Stressors cause bony changes that may lead to normal or pathological bone shapes.

What is the role of the joint capsule?

It covers joints and provides support.

What are the two layers of the joint capsule?

Outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.

What does the (Inner joint layer) synovial membrane do?

Secretes synovial fluid for joint lubrication and nourishment.

What is the purpose of bursa in the anatomical structure?

Reduce friction between bones and tendons.

What is fascia?

Fibrous connective tissues formed in sheets that support the body.

What was the aim of the study on dancers' anatomical knowledge?

To assess both perceived and actual anatomical knowledge of dancers.

How many dancers were surveyed in the study?

702 dancers.

What was a top scoring genre in the anatomy quiz?

Breakdancing.

What is a limitation of the dancer anatomy study?

Recall bias associated with surveys on past injuries.

What groups of dancers were included in the survey?

University, pre-professional, and professional level dancers.

What aspect of the dancers’ knowledge was positively correlated in the study?

Understanding their bodies.

What is a potential issue in the study regarding survey selection?

Selection bias due to the online survey method.

What were the study's demographics based on?

Surveyed demographics of dancers including age and training.

What scoring did the flamenco genre achieve on the anatomy quiz?

80.5%.

What was the study's finding in relation to training years?

Increased years of training were associated with greater actual knowledge.

Why did the study increase the chance of false-positive results?

By incorporating several variables.

What was a notable characteristic of the surveyed dancers?

They had at least one year of dance experience.

What genre scored highest in perceived anatomical knowledge?

Jazz and Modern.

What methodology was criticized regarding the survey's validity?

Not using a validated survey instrument.

What is the significance of conducting this type of study in dance science?

To enhance education and awareness of anatomy among dancers.

What anatomical concept is associated with high resistance to fatigue?

Slow twitch muscle fibers.

What type of muscle fibers are suited for quick and explosive movements?

Fast twitch muscle fibers.

What determines the movement provided by muscles?

The type of muscle contraction.

How does joint lubrication occur in major joints?

Through secretion of synovial fluid from the synovial membrane.

What is the effect of mechanical loads on bones according to Wolff’s law?

Bones adapt and change their structure.

What can stressors on the bone result in according to Roux’s law?

Normal changes or pathological conditions.

What is the role of stabilizer muscles?

To fixate a joint for desired movements.

Name a primary function of ligaments in the body.

To hold joints together.

What anatomical position is considered standard?

Standing upright with arms at the side and palms forward.

Identify a movement example in the transverse plane.

Rotating the head.

What is the term for muscles that assist in executing movements?

Synergists.

In the anatomical planes, which separates the body into left and right sides?

Sagittal plane.

What's the term for moving limbs towards the midline of the body?

Adduction.

Describe the movement of external rotation in practical terms.

Rotating limbs outward.

What is an example of flexion of the elbow joint?

Bending the elbow.

How do joints such as the knee primarily function?

Through flexion and extension.

Pronation can also be called

Eversion

What does the Outer joint layer do?

give support to the joint

Blends to the outside layer of the bones (periosteum) or some ligaments

Cartilage is nourished by

the synovial membrane