bio 20 - digestive + excretory system

4 types of macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

water removed to join 2 submolecules

hydrolysis

macromolecules broken down by adding water

monosaccharides

single sugars (glucose)

disaccharide

2 sugars/monosaccharides (sucrose)

polysaccharides

union of many monosaccharides (ex. starch)

proteins functions

building, repair and maintenance of cell structure

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

what are proteins made from

amino acids together, peptide bond (polypeptides)

essential amino acids

obtained through diet, 9

what are fats made of

glycerol and fatty acids

triglycerides

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

animal triglycerides

saturated fats, solid

plant triglycerides

unsaturated oils, liquid

phospholipids

have a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone of the molecule, replaces one fatty acid, makes one end of the lipid polar

where are phospholipids found

cell membrane

catalysts

chemicals that control the speed of chemical reactions without altering the products formed by the reaction

enzyme

protein catalysts that regulate reactions within living organisms.

enzymes suffix

-ase

substrate

the molecule on which the enzyme works.

active site

area of the enzyme that joins with the substrate molecule. active site is a special shape that only certain substrates can fit into.

cofactors

inorganic molecules such as iron, zinc, and potassium as well as copper-containing compounds

coenzymes

organic molecules synthesized from vitamins

competitive inhibitors

molecules that have similar shapes to substrates. They compete with the substrate to bind at the active site.

non competitive inhibitor

attaches elsewhere on the enzyme, changes the 3-D shape of the enzyme, so the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme's active site

negative feedback loop

final product of a reaction tells the enzyme to ease off and slow down the process

feedback inhibition

the inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway (it turns the enzyme off!)

precursor activity

the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial reactant (it turns the enzyme on!)

metabolism

refers to chemical reactions that take place within cells

chemical digestion

uses enzymes

peristalsis

involuntary constriction of tubular muscle to move food along tube

amalyse

enzyme in saliva, starch

gastric juices

acid and enzymes

cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

controls entrance into the stomach

chyme

soupy mixture created when stomach acid mixes food

pyloric sphincter

controls exit to small intestine

pepsinogen

secreted by chief cells, activated into pepsin, digests proteins

where is bile produced

liver

gastrin

hormone created in stomach, stimulates increased release of gastric juices

where is bile stored

gallbladder

what do bile salts do

emulsify fats, mechanical digestion

pancreas secretes

neutralizing chemical (sodium bicarbonate

digestive chemical

hormones

insulin

produced in pancreatic cells, increase the removal of glucose from blood

glycogen

stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream

three sections of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

villi and microvilli

bumps on small intestine increase SA

large intestine

stores and eliminates solid waste

3 parts of Loop of henle

ascending, transverse, descending

anal sphincter

controls the release of feces out of the body (voluntarily controlled)

what kind of digestion is bile

physical

kidneys function

filter blood waste and produce urine

ureters function

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

urinary bladder

stores urine until expelled from from body

urethra

conduit for urine to leave the body

how is skin excretory

excretes waste through sweat

how are lungs excretory

remove CO2 which is a waste product of cellular respiration

which diabetes means no ADH is produced

diabetes insipidus

how are intestines excretory

eliminate undigested food, waste product and toxins

pituitary gland

regulates water balance by releasing ADH influencing water reabsorption

glomerulus

filters blood in the kidneys, waste products to be removed from blood and excreted as urine

bowmans capsule

surrounds glomerulus, collects what has been filtered out

proximal and distal tubule

reabsorbs and secretes

loop of henle

creates concentration gradient allowing for reabsorption

renal medulla

the innermost part of the kidney

renal artery

carry blood from heart to veins

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

renal cortex

outer layer of the kidney

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

collecting duct

adjust final composition of urine before it is excreted

afferent arterioles

brings blood to the glomerulus

efferent arterioles

carries filtered blood away

peritubular capillaries

surround tubules of nephron in kidney - reabsorb water

filtration

from blood/glomerulus to nephron (pwrd by blood pressure)

reabsorption

from nephron to blood (diffusion + AT)

secretion

from blood to nephron (AT)

aldosterone

hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

diabetes mellitus

blood sugar levels continuously high, (glucose in urine)

diabetes insipidus

inadequate production of ADH, excessive urination and thirst (too clear)

nephritis

inflammation of kidney tissue (protein)

liver

break down metabolic wastes

where does ADH act

distal tubule + collecting duct

where does aldosterone act

distal tubule + collecting duct

proximal tubule function

reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

distal tubule function

secrete potassium and hydrogen ions

loop of henle function

reabsorb water and sodium

where does filtration occur

glomerulus

where does reabsorption occur

proximal + distal tubule, loop, collecting duct

where does secretion occur

distal tubule

aquaporins

increase permeability of nephron walls for water