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mitral stenosis

the mitral valves hardens due to an obstruction of the valve or fibrosis or shortening of the chordea tendinae

rheumatic fever

most common cause of mitral stenosis

signs of mitral stenosis

dyspnea, fatigue, cough, hemoptysis, palpitations, orthopnea, recurrent lung infections, atrial arrhythmias

mitral stenosis

a diastolic murmur that can be accompanied by atrial fibrillation, signs of right sided heart failure and hepatomegaly

echocardiogram

method of diagnosis of a mitral stenosis

treatment of mitral stenosis

prevention of rheumatic fever, antibiotics, treatment of arryhthmias and heart failure, anticoagulants

mitral regurgitation

back flow from the mitral valve because the valve failed to close all the way

degeneration of the mitral valve, ischemia of the LV

causes of mitral regurgitation

signs of mitral regurgitation

orthopnea, dyspnea, anxiety, a-fib, increased JVP, hepatomegaly, peripheral edema,

echocardiogram, systolic murmur and S3

diagnosis of mitral regurgitation

ARBs, ACE-I, treatment of heart failure

treatment of mitral regurgitation

Mitral valve prolapse

When the leaves of the mitral valve grow and push into the right atrium during systole. It can progress into mitral regurgitation

Marfan syndrome

most common cause of mitral prolapse

signs of mitral valve prolapse

asymptomatic, chest pain, palpitations, late systolic murmur, presyncopatic feeling

treatment of mitral valve prolapse

avoidance of caffeine, smoking, and alcohol; arrhythmia treatment if present

aortic stenosis

hardening of the aortic valve leaving it unable to fully open or close

causes of aortic stenosis

endocarditis, hypertension, diabetes, hypocholesteremia, inflammatory diseases

diagnosis of aortic stenosis

echocardiogram, MRI, CT, signs of hypertrophy on the ECG

signs of aortic stenosis

low pulse pressure, syncope feeling, dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis, signs of heart failure, strong systolic murmur

aortic regurgitation

return of blood from the aorta to the LV during diastole causing hypertrophy of the LV

causes of aortic regurgitation

endocarditis, syphilis, hypertension, marfan syndrome, chest trauma, movement of a replaced valve

signs of aortic regurgitation

dyspnea in stress, orthopnea, diaphoresis, angina at night, systolic hypertension, diastolic hypotension

TEE, CT, MRI

methods of diagnosis of aortic regurgitation

treatment of valve diseases

instruction to go the doctor if symptoms worsen, recurrent reassessments, instruction on how to recognize arryhthmias, measure weight daily, diuretics, beta blockers, CCBs, blood thinners, preventative antibiotics

balloon vavuloplasty

insertion of a balloon into the valve in order to help dilate the valve and return flexibility

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

replacement of a valve. The new place is put on top of the old one

mitral valve replair

fixing of the mitral valve by putting clips on top of the leaking valve