Exam 1

Where is the longest railway in the world, and what is it called?

Russia; Trans-Siberian Railway

Who is Russia's current leader?

Vladimir Putin

Who wrote the Igor Tale?

Author unknown

Who and when was Prince Igor of Novgorod fighting? Was it successful?

The Polovtsian/Kumans in 1185. It was not succesful.

What was the arguments revolving around the Igor Tale?

It has been called a forgery; now thought to be genuine from 12th century.

Characters of the Igor Tale: Who was the main character?

Prince Igor

Characters of the Igor Tale: What was the name of Igor's brother?

Prince Vsevold

Waht do the princes' embody?

Princely virtues: manly, military honor, desire to "drink from Don w/helmet."

Characters of the Igor Tale: Who is Igor's wife? And what was her part in the story called?

Yaroslavna; Yaroslavna's Lament

What does Igor's wife, Yaroslavna embody?

Peace, family ties, love

What famous epic does this story resemble?

Homer's Iliad

How were folkloric motifs represented in the Igor's tale?

Yaroslavna's appeal to nature \-- wind, river, sun

What is pathetic fallacy?

nature corresponds to events

What is the patriotic idea shown through Igor's Tale?

Epic portryal of Russian land and people

Who wrote the opera version of "Prince Igor"?

Alexander Borodin

When was the opera "Prince Igor" first performed?

St. Petersburg, Russia in 1890

Who were invited to rule Russia?

The Varangians; Riurik 862

What area were ruled in the Riurik dynasty?

Novgorod and then Kievan Rus'

Who was Riurik's son?

Igor

What happened when Igor was a child?

Riurik dies and Oleg, a relative, governs for Igor

Who does Igor end up marrying?

Olga

Who is Olga and Igor's child? And who was their respective child?

Sviatoslav who then has a son named Vladimir

Why is Vladimir so important in Russian history?

Vladimir christianizes Russia in 988

How did Keivan Rus' came to be?

In 882 Oleg captures Kiev for Igor. Under Sviatosolav, the empire spreads, and the dominant city is Kiev. This become Kievan Rus'.

When was the Schism and what was it?

1054; Western, catholic church and eastern orthodox church split

Where does Russian Christianity come from?

Eastern Church

Who were the Greek monks that bring religion and ALPHABET to Russian?

Cyril and Methodius

What is the Russian alphabet called?

Cyrillic

What make up current RUSSIAN?

Church Slavonic language merges with old Russian

Time Period of Kievan Rus'? What was the condition of the empire?

A flourish empire from 900s-1200s

Who did Kevan Rus' trade with?

Europe

What relationship was established between Keivan Rus' and Europe and other coutnries?

* Prince Yaroslav the Wise's daughter Anna married King Henry of France
* Other daughters marry King of Norway and King of Hungary

What religious art was created during the Kievan Rus'?

Icons

What literature was around Kievan Rus' period and who wrote?

Monks worte literature. It was not fiction, and it was about saints' lives, history, and chronicles.

What is the famous Monastery during Kievan Rus' and when was it founded?

Kiev-Caves (Kievo-Pecherskaya); founded 11th century

What Famous cathedral did Yaroslav the Wise build in 11th century?

Cathedral of St. Sophia

What invasion completely changed Russian during Kievan Rus'?

The Mongol/Tatar invasion and yoke in 1237

How long did the mongols rule?

Two centuries 1100s - 1380

What is the primary chronicle and who wrote it?

A book though to be written by monk Nestor, Kiev Monastery of the Caves

* Heterogeneous: many types of literature
* Included chronicles, annals

Time period of primary chornicle?

Begun 1040 until 1118

What types of literature that we read in class are included in the primary chronicle?

Tale of Olga's revenge and Saints' lives.

What was Olga's first act of revenge?

Her people carried the Derevlians on a boat to the ditch, and she ordered to bury them alive.

What did Olga do after the ditch incident?

She asked for the Derevlians to send their most distinguished men, ordered a bath, and once they entered the bathhouse, her men locked the doors and she ordered to set it on fire.

What was the third act in Olga's revenge?

Said she was coming and asked to prepare great quantities of mead where Igor was killed, so she could grieve and host a funeral feast. They asked where the retinue sent to her were, she said they were following with her husband's bodyguard, the Derevlians got drunk, and she egged her retinue to the massacre of the Derevlians.

What did Olga finally do?

When the Derevlians asked what she wants, she asked for three pigeons and three sparrows from each house. Her soliders attached a sulfur bound with cloth to each bird, and set it on fire. They flew to the Derevlians and all the houses got on fire. People fled, and her soliders caught them. Some captives she killed, and some became slaves to her followers.

What was the tribute she imposed of the Derevlians?

Two parts went to Kiev, third to Olga in Vyshgorod, since it was her city. She finally returned home in Kiev with her son after establishing laws and tribute.

How did Olga outwit Emperor Constantine in Byzantium, Greece?

He wanted her reign with him, Olga reminded him she was pagan and he should baptize her himself, and he did this with assistance of patriarch. When he let her know he wanted to marry her, she reminded him that he baptized her and called her his daughter, and it is unlawful to marry your daughter among christians.

What is hagiography?

Writing of the lives of saints

Who were Boris and Gleb?

Brothers and sons of Vladimir, son of Sviatoslav and grandson of Igor who spread christianity.

Summary of Vladimir's sons

* Vysheslav, the eldest
* Third, Sviatopolk (killed boris and gleb)
* With a Bulgarian woman, he had Boris and Gleb

What did Vladimir do in terms of lands?

He placed all his sons in different lands as rulers.

Was Sviatopolk Vladimir's actual son?

No, Vladimir's brother unfrocked a greek nun because of her beauty, and Vladimir who was still a pagan, killed his brother, and took the pregnant wife.

What is notable in Boris's death making him a saint?

Boris accepts his fight, does not fight, but accepts death as god's will. This acceptance makes him holy and saint-like.

What is Martyrdom and its concepts?

* Boris and Gleb don't technically die for their faith
* they are seen as "passion-bearers" for imitating suffering of christ and accepting death willingly
* Seen as first saints of Russian Chruch

What is Kenosis

Christian theological term: self-emptying, renunciation of self, in christian love and humility

What was the time period of the Grand Princes of Kiev?

862-1054

What is another name for the primary chronicle?

Tale of Bygone Years

What are chronicles?

* “Carriers of texts”
* scrapbooking but make it medieval style
* Organization is year by year but outside texts can be included
* great historical source with caution (biases and political agendas)

What were the slavic tribes in the 7th - 9th century time period?

West slavic, east slavic, and south slavic

How long do Rurik’s descendant rule and where?

Until 1598; first in Kiev, then Moscow

Vladimir’s religious journey

* erects pagan idols, and people sacrificed their sons and daughters to them
* Prince Vladimir investigates other religions and adopts Christianity in 988
* Mass baptism of people of Kievan Rus
* Overthrows said idols
* Dies 1015

When was Russia Christianized?

988 by Prince Vladimir

How is Russian Orthodox church set up?

* Much of service is chanted
* No instruments except bells
* Worshippers stand
* Icon stand/wall of icons = **iconostasis** (often has doors for clergy)
* This separates altar from worshippers

when did Icons first come to Russia?

* Came from Byzantium, Eastern Roman Empire, seat of Eastern Orthodox Church
* 1100s-1500s = famous periods of Russian icon-painting

What was this Early Kievan Period Icon-Painting?

* “Our Lady of Vladimir” - 1120
* very few from this time period
* Painted in Constantinople, taken to Russia, then Kremlin
* Symbolic in Russia, deeply venerated and evacuated from Moscow during 1812 war with Napoleon

What was this Early Kievan Period Icon-Painting?

* “Angel of the Golden Hair”
* Novgorod, 12th century

What was this icon, time period, and art details?

* Novgorod art reaches its peak 14th - 16th centuries


* Many Novgorod icons best-known, like this, feature “St. George and the Dragon”
* Emphasis on drawing, line
* Brighter colors and more complex drawing compared to earlier Kievan styles
* Novgorod decline 15th century as Moscow gain importance again, including it’s art

What icon painting is this?

Medieval 14th century St. George

What icon painting is this?

Modern St. George, 1911 by Kandinsky

Popular school for Icons is where in Russia?

Moscow; Moscow School of Icon painting

What time period in Moscow was the greatest icon painting made?

16th century

When did Moscow become Russia’s leading city again?

15th century

Difference in Moscow art

* More complexity in symbolism, composition
* More gentle depiction of Christ, saints

Who is the best know master of icon painting from this period?

Andrei Rublev

What is Andrei Rublev most famous icon?

* “Old Testament Trinity” in the 15th century
* It shows 3 angels hosted by Abraham
* Art critics think the 3 angels represent God the Father, Christ the Son, and Holy Spirit

What is this and by who?

“Christ, icon” by Rublev

What is this and by who?

“Evangelist Matthew, manuscript miniature” by Rublev

What is this and by who?

“Baptism of Jesus, fresco” by Rublev

What time period is the rise of Moscow

1100s - 1380

Who defeat the mongols?

Princes of Moscow defeat them

When does Moscow take shape and how is it set up?

* 1100s: it is a small city with a big wall or kremlin, called a fortress
* Red Square is outside Kremlin, one side backs up to Kremlin wall

What famous cathedral is in Moscow Kremlin?

St. Basil’s Cathedral

In what well-known text is Moscow mentioned in?

The Primary Chronicle

Who laid the foundation for Moscow’s walls?

Prince Yuri Dolgoruky

What starts happening to Early Moscow?

* Princes start moving from Novgorod to Moscow
* They start amassing territory, and Moscow grows and grows

Who is Ivan Kalita (a.k.a. Moneybags)

* Great money manager and keeps Mongols happy with tribute but kept some money for Russians
* Ransoms Russian prisoners and settles them in

What did Ivan Kalita convince the head of the Russian Church?

* He convinced him to abandon Kiev for Moscow in 1326
* In 1453, Moscow becomes the spiritual center of Russia, and known as the “Third Rome”

Who is Dmitrii Donskoy, and why is he important?

* Wins crucial battle between Russian and Mongols in 1380 at the Battle of Kulikovo
* This marks the end of Mongol yoke
* Moscow reigns supreme, other cities absorbed into Muscovite state

Does the Battle of Kulikovo completely removes the Mongols?

No, they are not truly gone until Ivan III (1462-1505)

What period marks Ivan III?

The beginning of Muscovite Russia

When did Ivan IV, Ivan Groznyi (the Terrible) rule?

1533-1584

When was Ivan the terrible crowned and who does he marry?

At age 16 and marries Anastasia Romanova

What does the death of Anastasia Romanova do to Ivan IV?

* He abandons throne, but is begged to return
* Places condition, has 6 subsequent wives, kills his son/heir, and according to Soviet autopsy, he died due to a poisoning

What were the conditions that Ivan IV placed to retake his thorne?

* secret police = **oprichnina**
* Tsar’s right to punish as he wished

What followed after Ivan IV’s death and who took the throne?

The Time of Troubles; Boris Godunov seized the throne 1598

When was the body of Ivan’s youngest son, Dmitrii, found and who killed him?

In 1591; people believed it was Godunov

Who poses as Dmitrii?

Grigorii Otrepev in 1601

When was “False Fmitrii” made czar?

1605

When and who murdered Flase Dmitrii?

Which famous figure wrote the play Boris Godunov?

Pushkin wrote in 1825, published 1831, and approved for performance 1866

* Mussorgsky’s 1874 opera based on this play
* Revised by Rimsky-Korsakov