Heredity

Biology Honors

Heredity

a. The passing of traits from parent to offspring

Recessive 

b. A trait that is only shown in the absence of the dominant; represented by a lowercase letter

Polygenic Traits

c. Traits that are controlled by multiple genes

Heterozygous

d. Having two different alleles for a trait; represented with an uppercase letter and a lowercase letter “Aa”

Trait

e. Specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another

Phenotype

f. The physical characteristics of an individual determined by its genotype

Sex-linked Traits

g. A trait that is controlled by genes on sex (X) chromosomes

Alleles

h. Different forms of the gene for a specific trait

Incomplete Dominance

i. Dominant allele does not completely cover up the recessive allele, heterozygous individuals show a phenotype in between the 2 homozygotes

Homozygous

j. Having two matching dominant or recessive alleles for a trait “AA” or “aa”

Dominant

k. A trait that is shown; represented by an uppercase letter

Codominance

l. Inheritance pattern where neither allele is dominant so both are equally expressed, such as Cow coat color

Multiple Alleles

m. more than two versions of a gene; Human blood types are an example

Genotype

n. The genetic makeup of an individual; represented with two letters “Aa” “AA” or “aa”

Transgenic Organism

a. an organism who has DNA from another organism inserted in their genome

Clone

b. a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the original cell or organism

Genetic Engineering

c. the transfer of genes (DNA) from one organism to another

Gel Electrophoresis

d. a method of separating DNA fragments by using charge and size.

Gene Therapy

e. replacing a defective or missing gene in a person’s genome, used to treat Cystic Fibrosis 

DNA Fingerprinting

f. compares images of DNA to determine relationships among individuals

Stem Cell

g. an unspecialized cell, could potentially develop into new, healthy body cells

Biotechnology

h. the manipulation of living organisms or their DNA to produce useful products

Human Genome Project

i. Completed by scientists across the world, identified and mapped all of the genes in human DNA

If two heterozygous tall (Tt) pea plants are crossed, what is the probability that the offspring will have the tall phenotype?

TT	Tt
Tt	tt

3:4

A true-breeding tall pea plant (TT) is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant (tt), and all the offspring are tall.  What percent of the offspring will be heterozygous?

50%

Law of Segregation

During Anaphase 1, the allele pairs must separate. 

	T	t
T	TT	Tt
t	Tt	tt

Independant Assortment

During Metaphase 1, all nitrogenous bases will randomly assort themselves to create a new order to create unique gene codes.

Law of Dominance

 If a Capital Allele is present, it will always overshadow the recessive allele or the lowercase allele.