NURS 299: Exam #2: Study Resource

MyPlate serving recommendations: Age 14+?

2000 calories

MyPlate serving recommendations: Fruits?

1-3 cups

MyPlate serving recommendations: Vegetables?

2-4 cups

MyPlate serving recommendations: Grain?

3-5 ounces (1 slice of bread, 1 cup cereal 1/2 cup rice of pasta)

MyPlate serving recommendations: Protein?

5-6 ounces

MyPlate serving recommendations: Dairy?

3 cups

MyPlate serving recommendations: Fruits and Vegetables?

50%

MyPlate serving recommendations: Grains?

30%

MyPlate serving recommendations: Meat?

20%

MyPlate serving recommendations: Oil?

5-7 tsp

What are the risk factors and preventing complications of Type 2 Diabetes?

- Age 45 years or older

- Family history of diabetes, personal history of gestational diabetes, or polycystic ovarian syndrome

- Overweight and obesity

- Poor diet and calorie intake

- Physical inactivity

- Hypertension

- Dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL)

Who is at risk for Type 2 Diabetes?

- Arab American

- Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

- Asian

- Hispanic

- Native Americans

How do we prevent the complications of Diabetes?

- Blood glucose management

- Nutrition therapy

- Regular exercise, physical activity 5 days a week 30 minutes a day

- Lower carb intake

What are the appropriate goals for diabetics?

- Physical exercise

- Medical nutrition therapy

- Referral to dietitian/lower carb intake

Where is insulin produced?

Pancreas

Promote glucose uptake into the cells and to control metabolic homeostasis during exercise, working in synergy with the counter-regulatory hormones

Major functions of insulin

What does exercise do for insulin?

Secretion decreases slightly and concentrations of counter-regulatory hormones increase

What is the normal blood glucose level (Grodner Chapter 4)?

70 - 100 mg/dL

Below 70 glucose level?

hypoglycemia

Above 100 glucose level?

Hyperglycemia

What is the most common cause of high blood glucose levels?

Excess carbohydrates

Any type of carbohydrates/sugars?

Causes of high blood glucose levels

What is an example of a simple carb that cause a sharp spike in glucose levels?

Sugars and Syrup

What is an example of complex carbs that cause a slower, more consistent rise in glucose levels?

Rice, bread, oats

Being diabetic and eating without taking their insulin?

Causes of high blood glucose levels

What does untreated hypertension cause?

Stroke

What are the untreated hypertension (Stroke) risk factors?

- Heart disease

- Lack of exercise

- Genetics

- Smoking

- Birth control

- Age

- Excess alcohol

- Atherosclerosis

Explain when nutritional supplements are appropriate?

When individuals meet their nutrient needs through diet alone.

What is metabolic syndrome? Diagnosed when a person has 3 or more of these factors?

- Excessive abdominal fat

- High BP

- Low HDL

- High triglyceride levels

What will happen if there is a high dose of Vitamin K and E?

This can interfere with anticoagulation medications (Coumadin/Warfarin)

What is the brand name for Coumadin?

Warfarin

What must health care providers must verify before surgery?

If patient is on supplement such as Coumadin/Warfarin

What should patients avoid when eating foods with Coumadin?

- Cayenne

- Garlic

- Ginger

- Gingko bioloba

- Grapeseed oil

- St. Johns Wort

- Tumeric

- Vitamin E

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

- Age, Family History, Heredity

- High cholesterol

- High LDL cholesterol

- Low HDL cholesterol

- Poor diet quality

- Physical inactivity

- Smoking

- Comorbidities (Hypertension, metabolic syndrome, Type II diabetes)

What are the interventions to decrease heart disease risk?

- Eat plant based diet (whole grains, vegetables) Mediterranean diet

- Therapeutic lifestyle changes

- Fiber can lower blood cholesterol and lipid levels

- Low saturated fat intake

What are the lab values for HDL?

Higher than 60 mg/dL

What are the lab values for LDL?

Low than 100 mg/dL

What are foods high in calcium?

- Green leafy vegetables

- Small fish with bones

- Legumes

- Tofu

- Beans

- Milk

What foods decreases calcium absorption?

Black tea

What foods increase calcium absorption?

milk

What is BMI?

Body Mass Index = relative weight to your height

Less than 18.5 BMI?

Underweight

BMI: 18.5 - 24.8

Healthy

BMI: 25 - 30.9

Overweight

BMI: 30 - 39.9

Obese

BMI: Greater than 40 or higher

Morbidly obese

Children today spend how many hours sedentary a day?

3 hours

What is considered BMI overweight for children?

25 - 39

What is considered BMI obese for children?

30 +

What percentile is children obesity for age/gender growth charts?

85th

5th-85th percentile = ?

normal range

Less than the 5th percentile?

underweight

85th less than the 95th percentile = ?

overweight

Equal or greater than 95th percentile = ?

obesity

A condition that weakens bones, making them more likely to break

Osteoporosis

What does exercise do for osteoporosis?

Increases bone mass development

What increases mechanical stress on the bone for osteoporosis?

Resistant, exercise, weight bearing, aerobic

What are the exercise guidelines for osteoporosis?

20-30 minutes, 3-5 times a week

What foods should be consumed with people who are experiencing osteoporosis?

Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D is essential (diary, eggs, some cereals)

What should we avoid with osteoporosis?

Avoid smoking

What do post-menopausal women need to intake with osteoporosis?

Calcium is essential

What is not recommended for people who have osteoarthritis?

Running

Inflammation of joints?

Arthritis

What can improve joint function especially with people with arthritis?

Range of Motion (ROM)

What are high risk factors for Arthritis?

Low HDL and High LDL

What can improve muscle strength for Arthritis?

Aerobic fitness (enhance ADLs)

What can exercise do for Arthritis?

- Improve psychological state

- Decrease loss of bone mass

- Decrease risk of chronic disease

What are the exercise guidelines for Arthritis?

- Develop joint ROM and flexibility

- 2-3x a week muscle strengthening

-

What activities should be done during the most days for Arthritis?

- Water aerobic exercise

- Recreational activities

- Walking

- Yoga

What exercise can improve the function and decrease pain for osteoarthritis?

Aquatic exercise

What is the formula for Max Heart Rate (MHR)?

(220 - Age)

What is the upper limit of what your cardiovascular system can handle during physical activity?

Max Heart Rate (MHR)

Can be made in the body, do not be consumed?

Nonessential Nutrients

Cannot be made by the body, must be consumed?

Essential nutrients

What are examples of essential nutrients?

- Carbohydrates

- Lipids

- Proteins

- Vitamins

- Minerals

- Water

What are the functions of essential nutrients?

Provide energy processes, aiding growth and repair of body tissues

What can we do for cancer prevention?

- Reduce saturated fats

- High proportion of plant foods

- Whole grains, folate, calcium selenium

- Limit meat, dairy, high-fat

- Balance caloric intake/physical activity

- Limit alcohol, friend foods, salt, sugar

What can we do to prevent chronic disease?

Eat more plant based foods/vegetables

How to read a label?

At the top of the nutrition facts label, you will find the total number of servings in the container and the food or beverage serving size. The serving size on the label is based on the amount of food that people may typically eat at one time and is not a recommendation of how much to eat

What is included in a food label?

Ingredient list, serving size, nutrition facts, daily values, daily reference values, protein, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, nutrition facts

What does the Percent Daily Value tell you?

It shows how a good fits into the overall daily diet and would therefore show whether it makes a high or low contribution to nutrient intake.

What does the amount of nutrients per serving tell you?

A guide to the nutrients in one serving of food, percent daily value is based on 2,000 calorie diet “how much nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a total daily diet”

Why do people feel full longer after eating a high-fat meal?

- Releases gastric inhibitory polypeptide

- Peristalsis decreases

- Our body does not get energy from fat

What causes excessive ketone production?

- Produced when there's not enough carbohydrates and the body must metabolize fat for energy

- Diet consists of salads, oil, vinegar with low or no carbs

- Possible excess when fasting

- Insulin levels are low

Dissolves in fluids?

Soluble fiber

What are examples of soluble fibers?

- Whole grains

- brown rice

- whole-wheat oatmeal

- vegetables

- nuts

- kidney beans

- split peas

- lentils

- chickpeas

- navy bean

- apples

- soybeans

- pears

- bananas

- grapes

- oranges

- grapefruits

- corn

- barley

- carrots

- white potatoes

What does soluble fibers help with?

Decrease blood cholesterol levels

Did not dissolve in fluids?

Insoluble fiber

What does an high intake in insoluble fiber decrease what risk?

Colon cancer and decrease risk of tumor formation

Fiber health benefits?

- Helps with weight control, constipation, colon cancer

- Lower blood cholesterol and lipid levels

- May stabilize glucose levels or absorb more slowly

- Most fiber cannot be broken down by the human digestive system

What are the positive of vegetarian diets?

- Lower intake of total fat, unsaturated fat and cholesterol

- High amount of fiber

- Reduced risk of obesity, CVD, type II Diabetes, HTN, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain cancers

- Non-harmful to animals

What are the negatives to vegetarian diets?

Potential deficiencies → Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Iron, Zinc, Calcium

A sugar or carbohydrate that acts as an important energy stored for the body

Glycogen

A form of glucose, main source of energy that your body stores

Glycogen

Stored in liver and muscles

Glycogen

What is the recommended normal intake of fiber?

25- 38 g/day

Stimulates GI tract, necessary for health gut, prevents constipation?

Insoluble fiber

What are the sources of insoluble fiber?

- Bran cereals

- whole grains

- corn

- green beans

- fruits with skin

- Kidney beans

- split peas

- lentils

- chickpeas

- navy beans

- apples

- soybeans

- pears

- bananas

- grapes

- oranges

- grapefruits

- corn

- barely

- carrots

- white potatoes

Barley has what level of insoluble fiber?

High

Oatmeal is a

Soluble fiber