ch 11 : cell division

asexual reproduction

identical offspring

sexual reproduction

genetic diversity

binary fission

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes

mitosis

division in eukaryotic cells

chromosome

dna-containing structure

chromatid

one half of a duplicated chromosome

centromere

region where sister chromatids attach

homologous chromosomes

chromosome pairs from each parent

supercoiling

dna compacts before division

interphase

cell grows, dna replicates

prophase

chromosomes condense, spindle forms

metaphase

chromosomes align in center

anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

telophase

nuclei reform, chromosomes decondense

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides into two cells

g1/s checkpoint

checks cell size and dna damage

g2/m

checks dna replication completion

spindle checkpoint

ensures correct chromosome attachment

cyclins

proteins that control cell cycle

cdks (cyclin dependent kinases)

enzymes that regulate cell cycle

growth factors

external signs for division

apoptosis

programmed cell death

benign tumor

non-cancerous, doesn’t spread

malignant tumor

cancerous, can spread (metastasize)

cytokinesis division in plants

forms a cell plate

cytokinesis division in animals

forms a cleavage furrow

centrioles

present in animal cells, absent in plants