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asexual reproduction
identical offspring
sexual reproduction
genetic diversity
binary fission
asexual reproduction in prokaryotes
mitosis
division in eukaryotic cells
chromosome
dna-containing structure
chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
centromere
region where sister chromatids attach
homologous chromosomes
chromosome pairs from each parent
supercoiling
dna compacts before division
interphase
cell grows, dna replicates
prophase
chromosomes condense, spindle forms
metaphase
chromosomes align in center
anaphase
sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles
telophase
nuclei reform, chromosomes decondense
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides into two cells
g1/s checkpoint
checks cell size and dna damage
g2/m
checks dna replication completion
spindle checkpoint
ensures correct chromosome attachment
cyclins
proteins that control cell cycle
cdks (cyclin dependent kinases)
enzymes that regulate cell cycle
growth factors
external signs for division
apoptosis
programmed cell death
benign tumor
non-cancerous, doesn’t spread
malignant tumor
cancerous, can spread (metastasize)
cytokinesis division in plants
forms a cell plate
cytokinesis division in animals
forms a cleavage furrow
centrioles
present in animal cells, absent in plants
