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Externality

the cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service

Selective cutting

The method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small number of trees from among many in a forest.

Subsistence farming

Farming for consumption by the farming family and maybe a few neighbors.

Organic Fertilizer

fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals

Synthetic Fertilizer

Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels. Also known as inorganic fertilizer.

Waterlogging

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.

Salinization

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.

pesticide

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.

Monocropping

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

Aquifer

Pore spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment underneath the soil that store groundwater.

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum output

Free range grazing

Allowing animals to graze outdoors on grass for most or all of their lifecycle.

Overgrazing

Excessive grazing that can reduce or remove vegetation and erode and compact the soil.

Desertification

the transformation of arable, productive, low-precipitation land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use such as overgrazing and logging

Fishery

a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region