INTRO TO MARINE SCIENCE - Chapter 4 Reading Notes

The Physical Properties of Water

Polar Molecule

when a molecule is electrically unbalanced

• opposite ends of the water molecule have opposite charges

Hydrogen Bonds

when one end of a water molecule comes close to the oppositely charged end of another water molecule, a bond forms between their positively and negatively charged ends

Kinetic energy

½ mv²

Temperature of a Substance

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substanceq

The colder a substance is, the _____ the motion of its atoms and molecules

slower

The warmer a substance is, the _____ the motion of its atoms and molecules

faster

Heat

a measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance

Heat is measured in

calories

Pure water

fresh water without suspended particles or dissolved substances including gases

Dew Point

the temperature of water vapor saturation

• when water falls below, the water vapor condenses into liquid

Latent Heat of Fusion

the heat necessary to change the state of water between solid and liquid

Latent Heat of Vaporization

the heat needed for a change between the liquid and vapor states

Sublimation

a way to change ice directly into gas

• when snow or ice evaporates directly under very cold and dry conditions

Specific Heat

the ability of a substance to give up or take in a given amount of heat and undergo large or small changes in temperature

Heat Capacity

the quantity of heat required to produce a unit of change of temperature in the material

Cohesion

holding of water together by hydrogen bonds

Surface Tension

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquid

Viscosity

the resistance to motion or internal friction

Conduction

a molecular process where when heat is applied at one location, the molecules move faster because of the addition of energy

• a metal spoon placed in a hot liquid, the handle will become hot

Convection

a density driven process in which heated material moves and carries its heat to a new location

• water rises when it’s heated and becomes less dense, and it sinks when it cools and becomes more dense

Radiation

the direct transmission of heat from its energy source

• the sun provides earth with radiant energy that penetrates and warms the surface waters of the planet