nursing II final

methods of environmental modification for FIC

providing enough litterboxes

placing litterboxes in a peaceful area

cleaning litterboxes frequently

reducing bullying/resource guarding

determining litter substrate preferences

pheromone therapy

environmental enrichment

increasing water intake

common disease in middle-aged and older cats, ____, leads to increase in metabolic rate

clinical signs include increased appetite with concurrent weight loss, polyuria and polydipsia, lack of grooming, and vomiting

hyperthyroidism 

a foal that is critically ill often presents with sunken eyes and entropion as a result of ____

hypovolemia

leading cause of pet relinquishment to animal shelters is

behavior problems reported by owners

a patient with heart failure has clinical signs referable to the perfusion deficit

these signs include all of the following except

tachypnea

exercise intolerance and weakness

decreased capillary refill time

cough

decreased capillary refill time

AAFCO, the association of american feed control officials is ____

a private nongovernmental organization 

an animal that stops eating will become deficient in ______ vitamins much sooner than the alternative

A, D, E, K

animals that spend more time on one side than on the other can develop _____ in the lung lobes on the “down” side which can lead to respiratory compromise and pneumonia

atelectasis

because neonatal puppies and kittens have immature kidneys, it is normal to find urine specific gravities between 1.012 and 1.020 as well as ____ in the urine of newborns less than 2 weeks of age

glucose 

cholesterol is formed in the body from which essential nutrient

lipids

chronic renal disease is one of the diseases seen most commonly in geriatric patients, especially cats

in addition to causing increased urination, which is called _____, an increase in water intake may also be seen

polyuria

clinical signs such as altered sleep-wake cycles, house soiling, confusion, and irritability are signs of _____

cognitive dysfunction

conditions that occur commonly in our aging pet population include cardiac disease, respiratory disease, neoplasia, kidney disease, dermatologic disease, orthopedic disease, and metabolic conditions

what other disorders can occur as patients age

urinary and fecal incontinence

vision loss and hearing loss

oral health abnormalities

all of the above

all of the above

degenerative atrioventricular valve disease affects the cardiac valve leaflets or cusps and is characterized by thickening of the tissue

it primarily affects dogs, with approximately 60% of cases involving

only the mitral valve

diagnosis of feline heartworm disease via antigen testing alone is unreliable because 

unisex infection is common in cats

geriatric patients may see an onset of age-related pain issues

which of the following is often associated with pain or discomfort in animals

tachypnea

heartworm disease is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects both cats and dogs

clinical signs of heartworm disease differ between the cat and the dog

this difference in clinical signs is a reflection of worm burden and the longevity of the adult worm

which statement is true

adult heartworms survive for a greater length of time in dogs than in cats

hypoadrenocorticism is also known as

addison’s disease 

hypoadrenocorticism is caused by adrenal gland atrophy or destruction, resulting in inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, primarily cortisol and aldosterone

this disease primarily affects which species

dogs

if a pet’s food name contains the word with in relation to a specific ingredient, that food ingredient must make up at least ____ of the product weight

3%

if a product name states that a dog treat is made of chicken (with no additional descriptor) what minimum percentage of the treat must be chicken 

70%

in addition to being characterized as loos stool, what other feature is attributed to the stool in cases of diarrhea

frequent passage

in dogs, the testicles do not descend until

6-8 weeks of age

it is important that cats be fed foods with animal proteins since _____ is essential for cats

arachidonic acid

kittens at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis are

blood type A kittens that receive colostral antibodies from a blood type B queen

modified atwater factors can be useful to determine how much energy is provided by protein, fat, and carbohydrate of a _____ basis

metabolizable energy 

mucous membranes that are brick red in color may indicate what

endotoxemia or shock

new dog introductions should be performed

at an area away from the owner’s residence

of the four components of the development of disease, which one is involved with how the disease progresses in the presence of the pathogenic agent 

pathogenesis 

puppies except for toy breeds and weak animals usually begin to eat gruel at approximately ____ weeks of age

3-4

sudden withdrawal of reinforcement, especially of a behavior that has been reinforced for a long time, leads to a certain amount of frustration in the animal and often leads to greatly increased frequency of the behavior initially. this is called

extinction burst

systematic desensitization is a procedure by which we change a dog’s emotional response to a stimulus. this is done by _____

gradually increasing exposure to the stimulus 

the first indication that a neonatal puppy or kitten is not doing well can best be determined by

noting a loss of weight or lack of weight gain

the guaranteed analysis found on pet food labels does not reflect ____ content

total dietary fiber

the most common drug classes that veterinarian prescribe to manage pain in geriatric patients include all of the following except

dissociatives

the terms positive reinforcement 

means something is given to the animal 

the vet tech is responsible for providing a technician evaluation of a patients condition using combined diagnostic data as well as their own experience and training

which of the following would be considered a technician evaluation and not a diagnosis

hypoproteinemia

toward the end of gestation, the mare is said to be waxing if

beads of milk appear on the ends of her teats

treatment for feline heartworm disease is unrewarding because why

the death of just one heartworm can trigger anaphylactic shock or cause pulmonary thromboembolism, both of which can result in sudden death

treatment of canine heartworm disease consists of adulticide therapy, with microfilaricide therapy starting 3-4 weeks later

adult heartworms die slowly over a period of 2-30 days

during this time, patients are at risk for 

pulmonary thromboembolism 

vitamin D is a necessary vitamin in the diet of what because they cannot use sunlight to convert the provitamin D found in the skin to the active form

dogs and cats

vitamin ___ has antioxidant activity which makes it useful as a preservative in pet foods

E

what is the difference between regurgitation and vomiting

regurgitation is a passive expulsion, whereas vomiting is a forceful expulsion

what would be the likely clinical finding in an animal undergoing right-sided heart failure

ascites

when ____ neonatal puppies and kittens are tube-fed, the milk replacer may be regurgitated and aspirated, resulting in pneumonia, or the stomach contents may ferment, leading to bloat

hypothermic

when discussing energy in rations, capitalization is important

which of the following contains the most energy: a kilocalorie or a Calorie 

they are equivalent 

when estimating how much to feed a hospitalized adult animal patient you should calculate

resting energy requirement (RER)

when foals are unable to swallow and are treated with antimicrobials, they are prone to develop an oral infection characterized by a coating of white plaque on the tongue

which of the following is the most common pathogen leading to this infection

candida spp.

which is the typical period of socialization in the kitten

2-7 weeks

which occurs first in dogs, sexual or social maturity

sexual maturity

which of the following are guaranteed to contain some preservatives 

dry kibble 

which of the following is a component of proper use of positive punishment in behavior modification

punishment should not be severe enough to cause the pet to be fearful

which of the following is not consistent with dehydration

decreased total protein and albumin

which of the following is true regarding inter-cat aggression

staring between cats often precedes an aggressive act

which of the following statements about cardiac disease is false

the body has very few compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac output when faced with an abnormally functioning heart

which of the following would not be a common finding in a horse that has equine cushings disease

greasy skin coat

which of the options listed is not typically used to treat a horse with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

oxygen supplementation 

_____ behaviors (those acquired by classical conditioning) are involuntary or reflexive types of behaviors

respondent

____ is abnormally frequent urination

pollakiuria

_____ learning occurs when an animal forms a learned association between two features or events

associative 

also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD)

osteoarthritis

the most common dental numbering system is the modified triadan system

the maxillary left quadrant teeth are

200

canine dental formula

3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3

number of teeth in adult dogs mouth

42

dogs and cats are less susceptible to dental caries than humans because

they have less occlusal surfaces on their teeth

what is an oronasal fistula

an abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity that often result from periodontal disease

_____ refers to the mucosa that begins at the mucocutaneous junction and lines the cheeks and lips

buccal mucosa

normal sulcus depth in dogs

normal sulcus depth in cats

0-3mm

0-1mm

rule of 4s and 9s

4 = canines

9 = 1st molar

the radiographic positioning error that results in xray beam missing portions of the sensor plate or film is called

cone cutting

components of RVT prophylactic dental cleaning

scale

polish

probe and chart

excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscle tissue as ______, which can be quickly metabolized when needed or converted to fat for long-term storage

glycogen

all of the potential energy available in food or diet is known as _____ energy

gross

this term describes the number of kilocalories that are contained per unit of food

energy density

all of the following are characteristics of vitamins except one

which is not associated with a vitamin

they maintain metabolic processes

they are inorganic molecules

requirements are species-specific

they can be synthesized by animals

they are inorganic molecules

when estimating how much to feed a hospitalized adult animal patient, you should calculate

the resting energy requirement (RER)

which governmental organization is responsible for the regulation of pet food

FDA

some types of fiber are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, these are called

soluble fiber

______ represents one of the most consistent and significant changes before parturition in a mare

a rapid rise in colostral calcium

one of the most common causes of seizures in neonatal puppies and kittens

hypoglycemia

failure to properly care for the umbilical stump after foaling can lead to infection and inflammation of this tissue

what is the name of this inflammation

omphalitis

______ exercises emphasize the cardiovascular system and are whole body exercises

endurance

which of the following is not a result of crytherapy

vasodilation

______ inhibits enzymes that are responsible for cartilage degradation and decreases the production of inflammatory mediators

glucosamine

defined as a relief of pain and restoration of mobility and function

rehabilitation

the local effects of acupuncture include

muscle relaxation and spasm relief

passive range of motion is the use of stretching to

return normal range of motion is absent

what is the main benefit of thermotherapy

to increase circulation

a _________ is used to measure the range of motion of all distal joints including the carpus, elbow, shoulder, tarsus, stifle, and hip

goniometer

naturally occurring and biologically active products that can be supplemented in patient’s diet to provide a health benefit

nutraceuticals

distal limb bandages are not appropriate for fractures above the _____ or the ______ because they cannot effectively immobilize injuries above those joints

elbow

stifle

when monitoring distal limb bandages, an increased distance between the toe nails indicates

swelling

when clipping hair from the edges of a skin wound to prepare it for primary closure, _____ should be placed over the wound

water-soluble lubricant

it is imperative to use a _________ primary layer once granulation tissue has formed or epithelialization has begun, to protect and promote second intention wound healing

nonadherent

healthy granulation tissue is

pink in appearance

if fluid strike-through of the tertiary layer of a bandage occurs

bacteria from the environment can penetrate the bandage and contaminate the wound

___________ migrate across healthy granulation tissue to reestablish a barrier between the wound and the environment

epithelial cells

the _____ layer of a bandage absorbs and holds exudate and provides some immobilization and support

secondary

obesity is associated with increased risk of wound infection and dehiscence because

decreased vascularization of fatty tissue leads to a decreased capacity for healing

fibroblasts deposit _____ into the wound, which increases wound strength

collagen