4: Communication and Language Development in Psychology

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Communication and Language Development in Psychology

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29 Terms

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Language
Shared (mutually agreed upon) system of arbitrary symbols expressed and combined into phonemes, morphemes, and semantics.
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Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Morpheme
Smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word like a prefix.
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Grammar
The system of rules used to enable communication.
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Semantics
Set of rules about selecting the correct word to convey the meaning you intend.
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Syntax
Set of rules for putting the words into correct order according to grammatical standards.
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Receptive Language
Individual's ability to understand what's being said to them and about them.
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Productive Language
Language that involves the ability to produce words and sentences.
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Cooing Stage
Language development milestone when infants begin to make sounds and experiment with vocal cords, starting around 6 weeks.
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Babbling Stage
An infant spontaneously utters various sounds (phonemes) unrelated to the household language, beginning at 4 months of age.
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One Word Stage
From about age 1 to 2, a child speaks mostly in single words (nouns) and begins to use sounds that carry meaning.
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Holophrases
Child's first attempts at using words, typically single words that convey a complete idea.
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Telegraphic Speech
At 2 years of age, toddlers combine words into simple commands, mostly nouns and verbs, without syntax.
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Critical Period
Childhood has a critical period for mastering certain aspects of language before the language learning window slowly closes.
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Sensitive Period
By age 7, those who have not been exposed to either spoken or signed language lose the ability to master any language.
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Overgeneralization
When individuals developing language skills make errors such as applying language rules incorrectly, e.g., 'goed' instead of 'went'.
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Non-verbal Communication
Communication that does not involve spoken language, including gestures and facial expressions.
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Manual Gestures
Nonverbal communication methods such as pointing.
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Language Structure
The organization of language, including phonemes, morphemes, and syntax.
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Infants' Language Development
Infants prefer looking at faces that are making the sounds they hear and can differentiate sounds.
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Predictive Stages of Language Development
Stages of language development including cooing, babbling, one-word stage, and telegraphic speech.
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Vowel Sounds
Sounds produced by the vocal cords without any closure in the vocal tract, repeated during the cooing stage.
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Consonant Sounds
Sounds produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract, included in babbling.
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Childhood Language Milestones
Key stages in language development that include cooing, babbling, one-word speech, and telegraphic speech.
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Infants' Sound Differentiation
Infants can differentiate sounds and see lip movements before they can speak.
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Language Learning Window
The period during which a child can effectively learn language, which begins to close after age 7.
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Communication Errors
Mistakes made by children in language development, such as using '-ed' for past tense incorrectly.
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Language Rules
The grammatical rules that govern how language is structured and used.
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Developmental Stages of Language
Stages through which children progress in their language acquisition.