04B. Climate Change 2

IPCC, 1988

1. founded by who

2. who are the members

3. Does it do original research?

4. How does it get info

5. Working is assigned to what

6. what is the function of each working group (WG)

7. reports are called

1. World Meterological Organization and UNEP

2. Intergovernamental panel

3. No

4. 1000s of scientists voluntarily contribute

5. 3 working groups

6. WG1- asses the physical scientific basis of CC

WG2 - asses the vulnerability of Socio-economic and natural systems

WG3 - gives mitigation

7. Assesment reports - almost once per 5 years and sometimes special reports

Climate Change mitigate measures for diff gases

Clean Coal tech for CO2 emissions

1. What is it

2. Coal washing

3. Electrostatic precipitator

4. Coal gasification

5. Wet scrubber

6. Flue gas desuplhurization

1. Treating coal before combustion or using efficient combustion

2. wash coal to remove impurities

3. after burning we get gas(Flue gas), then that gas is passed between charged plates to remove impurities

4. instead of burning coal we make Syn Gas (CO+H2) and burn that

5. Flue gas is passed through liquid slurry which absorbs acidic gases

6. A specific wet slurry used to remove SO2. It uses limestone slurry

India's Coal

1. India is what coal and its disadvantages

2. is carboniferous coal better or bad than Indian coal (veryold, Anthracite/ bituminous)

1. Gondwana coal, low calorific value, large fly ash generation, low in sulphur compared to per gram of coal burned but high compared to per calorie

2. Better

Geoengineering to fight CC

1. Methods

1. Increase reflectivity from low clouds by spraying sea salt

2. Increase reflectivity from oceans by creating microbubbles

3. Thinning high clouds (since they are warming)

4. Space reflectors

5. Startopsheric aerosols

6. Afforestation (redice CO2)

7. CCUS (reduce CO2)

8. Bioenergy+CCUS combination

9. Ocean fertilisation - it can effect 2 ways. One is increase in phytoplantktons and whent hey die they sink and carbon is locked at bottom of ocean

Ocean fertilisation can also increase albedo or decrease based on type of phytoplanktons that grows

Climate Smart Cities - Veryimp for this year - remember all cities

1. Under what mission

2. Which framework

3. Give 5 categories under which they re assessed

4. Top 4 cities

1. National Mission for Sustainable Habitat (under NAPCC)

2. CLimate-Smart Cities Assesment Framework under MoHUA

3. - Energy and green buildings

- Urban planning and green cover

- Mobility and Air quality

- Water management

- Air management

4. Surant, Indore, Ahmedabad, Rajkot

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assesment(GRIHA)

1. What

2. Who gave this

1. Rating tool for buildings

2. Ministry of New and Renewable energy

Lets see global climate change negotiations

Mitigation vs Resilience (adaptation)

Developed countries generally prefer Mitigation while developing countries generally introduce schemes regarding resilience

Lets see timeline

1972 - stockholm - UNCHE

1982 - Nairobi - reaffirmed stockholm principles

1992 - Rio -> three conventions agreed UNFCCC, UNCCD, UNCBD

2002 - rio+10,

2012 - rio+20

2022 - stockholm + 50

United Nations Conference on Human Environment (UNCHE) and their conferences

1. When

2. World environment day

3. outcomes

1. 5th June , 1972 , stockholm

2. 5th june

3. stockholm declaration - adoptd 26 principles for protection of human environment

- Establishment of UNEP

Impact on india

1. Constitutional changes

2. Institutional development

3. Legal

1. 42nd CAA

2. Establishement of Dept of Environment (1980)

Formation of Ministry of Environment and forests, 1985 (now MoEFCC)

3. Air act, EPA

Read UNEP and write here

Naoribi Summit of UNCHE

1. What did it do

2. Establishment of which commission and what report

1. It reviewed Stockhol declaration progress

2. Bruntland commission(1984) and Our common future report(1987)

Rio summit

1. Why

2. Name change

3. Non legally binding agreements/outcomes

4. Agreed on 3 conventions

5. Institutional and Financial outcomes

1. To discuss the Our common future report

2. UNCHE changed to UN Conference on Environment and Development

3. Agenda 21 - Sustainable devpt for 21st century

- Rio declaration - principles for Sust Devpt (like polluter pays principle, precautionary principle)

- Forest Principles

4. UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD

5. Gloval Environmetn facility - financial mechanism that supports the above conventions + Stockholm+Minamata

- Recognition of SIDS

- Higher Level Political Forum - Under Un ECOSOC for agenda 21

Rio+5 summit (under UNCHE)

1. outcome

1. MDGs

Rio+10 summit (under UNCHE)

1. Why

2. What declaration

1.

2. Johannesburg declaration on SD

Rio + 20 (under UNCHE)

1. what conference

2. key agreements

1. UN Conference on Sustainable Development

2. Partnership for action on green economy

now lets see UNFCCC

First major meeting is COP3 in kyoto, 1997

1. Outcome

2. features of outcome

1. Kyoto protocol

2. - said that we divide countries into lists and they differ in responsibilities

- LDC and developing - just voluntary reductions

- Developed - reduce the GHG by 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012

Methods to reduce the emissions

1. Joint implementation

2. Clean development mission

3.Emissions trading

1. If unable to reduce emissions in home country then they can invest in other developed countries to decrease the emissions there. It gets Emission reduction Units (ERU)

2. Here investing in developing countries to a developing country. Here it gets certified emission reduction units (CER)

3. if some country has done less emissions than prescribed then a country can buy from other country.

2012 situation - COP 18, Doha

No countries fulfilled and many countries withdrew from protocol. they said that how can external org can impose target on sovereign countries. then to solve the issue another agreement started - paris agreement, here it is said that ecternal targets wont apply here countries were given chance to identify targets

Paris agreement , COP 21 , 2015

1. Goals

- NCQG

2. who decided targets

3. progress check

4. NCQG is funneled through what all

1. 2 degree limit

- developed committed to mobilise 100 billion a year in climate financy by 2020 to developing countries. Its called New collective Quantified goal

2. NDCs and new NCQG every 5 years

3. Global stockatake every 5 years

4. GEF, GCF, World bank loans, Adaptation fund, Loss and damage fund, Least Developed Countries Fund

Methods to reduce emissions under paris agreement

1. Joint mitigation -> Internationally traded mitigation Outcomes (article 6.2)

2. Clean development mechanism(CDM) -> Sustainable development mechanism (SDM) (article 6.4)

3. non-market based (article 6.8)

1. Joint implementation had double counting issue(both countries added in their limit) and changed to Internationally traded mitigation Outcomes(ITMOs). so if country A invests in B and reduced 15 then 15 ITMOs are given and only A gets that , not B

2. here a centralised approach is follwed, if A wants to invest in B then first it goes to a central authority and the reduced 15units is given to A. and the 5% of the monetary value of 15 units goes to adaption fund

diff between 1 and 2 is decentralised approach while 2 is centralised approach and some money goes to adaptation fund

3. Finance , tech transfer, capacity building - voluntary help

how Paris agreement works

2020 - NDCs and money from Global north to south

then after 3 years global stocktake happens so its in 2023

2023 - global stocktake

then dicussion happens in next year and then

2024 - discussion

then next again new NDCs and new money

2025 - NDCs and money

and this cycle repeats absed on global stocktake

COP 28, Dubai , UAE

1. what happened

2. what did report say

3. initial on coal

- final wording on coal

4. Renewable energy

- global call

- India

5. methane reduction

- global

- india

6. climate-biodiversity link

7. 2 major favors for developing nations

- Loss and damage fund

- Global goal on adaptation

1. Global stocktake

2. 80% emissions frpm fossil fuels

3. Phase out coal

- phase down of coal

4. - triple by 2030

- india did not join formally

5. - reduce methane emissions

- did not join global methane pledge

6. connection between UNFCCC and kunming-Montreal protocol

7. - Operationalisation of Loss and damage fund - 800million

- focus on adaptation . no tjust mitigation

COP 29, Baku, azerbaijan

1. major issue

2. what about their initial pledge on 100billion per year target by 2020

3. Developed countries NCQGs(from 2025)

4. what global south wants

5. source of money

- global north

- global south

6. outcome on money

7. Article 6 of paris agreement

1. on finance - who pays and how much do they pay and for what purpose (mitigation or adaptation) and which format (loans or assistance)

2. It achieved on 2022 but 80% loans and mainly is given for mitigation

3. developed countries saying they will give 300billion per year by 2035

4. 1.3 trillion per year by 2035

5. - funding from multilateral banks, funding from private, loans

- grants only

6. the money issue of how much and what form is not finalised so NCQG not finalised

7. ITMOs finalised, SDM finalised, Non-market mechanism finalised

COP 30, Belem, Brazil

1. major issue

2. names given to it

- COP of implementation (why)

- COP of truth

- Forest COP

- Spirit of Mutirao

3. IPCC report

4. - developed countries words

- developing word

5. Unresolved issues

---adaptation outcomes ----

6A. outcome1: tripling adapation fund

6B. Outcome 2 :GLobal goal on adaptation

6C. National Adaptation plans

- launched by

- plan to accelerate solution

1. It is majorly about finance

2. because after the first global stocktake so its after the report so more about implementation

3. 2025 is 2nd or 3rd warmest year on record

- end of decade going to be 2.8 degrees if nothing is done

4. - sought broader financing framework (loans etc)

- asked only for grants, Protection against CBAM

5. NCQG

6. No baseline(so what triple?), no binding enforcement

6B. 59 Belem indicators were finalised (like agri resilience etc)

- but no commitement, no financial, just voluntary

6C. - UNDP

- knowledge transfer

COP 30, Belem, Brazil

--- just transition ----

7A. outcome1: Institutional development

7B. finance

-- trade measures ----

8. outcome1: CBAM

-- climate finance (article 9) ----

9. 2 year work programme on article 9

9B. clarification on article 2.1(c)

9C. Loss and damage fund operationalisation

9D. dialogue mechanisms

9E. Fostering Investible National Implementation (FINI)

9F. Baku to Belem Roadmap for 1.3T

7A. New just transition framework - proposed new enhanced international coooperation

7B. Finance not agreed - so no use

8. Establishment of a formal UNFCCC dialogue process

9A. recognized global north obligation to provide climate finance

9B. Both adaptationa nd mitigation as climate finance and also loans also as climate finance and even from world bank etc

9C. barbados Implementation Modality (BIM) - it seeks strealined, fast grants

9D. veredas Dialogue

- Xingu finance Talks

9E. those who countries make National adaptable plans make them so that people can invest in it

9F. The official pathway to mobilise the NCQF of 1.3 trillion

Criticisms

1. Agri

1. Sharam-al-Sheigk agri track is no dicussed much, postponed

Implementation work programme

Techinicalvehicle to translate GST findings into action

Mutirao decision

to shift UNFCCC efforts from dialogue toimplementation

Global implementation accelerator

accelearte the implementation

Tropical forest forever facility

Tropical forest Investment fund to protect tropical forests

UNEP

1. when established

2. headquarters

3.funding

4. mandate

5. Which secratariats does UNEP host

6. Associations

7. Reports

8. Other initiatives

9. Launches by UNEP along COP 30

1. 1972 (after stockholm conference)

2. Nairobi

3. 95% voluntary

4. implementation of Environment related to UN systems

5. Bold Countries Must Respect Biodiversity Safeguard Migratory Wildlife and Value Montreal

- Basel Convention

- CITES

- Minamata

- Rotterdam

- CBD

- Stockholm

- CMS

-

- Vienna

- Montreal

(not in this - UNFCCC, UNCCD, Ramsar convention, International Whaling Commission, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture)

6. IPCC< IPBES

see notes

9. Systematic Observation Impact Bond

What is Systematic Observation Impact Bond

Lets see Climate Finance Institutions Under UNFCCC

Global Environment facility

1. Established when

2. provides fund for

3. Who acts as trustee and administers the GEF fund

4. what is small grants programme under this

5. Which conventions

1. 1992, rio summit

2. biodiversity, REDD+, CLimate change, Land degradation, ozone layer, Persistent organi cpollutants

3. World bank

4. Financial support for small community based approaches

5. RIo sisters + Minamata Convention +Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants

Green climate fund

1. What id does

2. Prioritizes what

1. Supports mitigation and adaptation

2. LCD, SIDS, Africa

Adaptation fund under kyoto protocol

1. how it gets money

1. 5% of proceeds of SDM

LDC fund

1. managed by what

2. what does it do

1. GEF

2. Supports National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs)

Special Climate change fund

1. Who manages

2, what does it do

1. GEF

2. Adaptation, tech transfer etc

Loss and damage fund

1. operationalised when

1. COP 28

UN backed funds

1. Clean Tech fund

2. Climate Investment funds

3. Net zero Asset Owner Alliance

4. International Climate Initiative

Read some pyq funds in the pdf

What is REDD

reducing Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

What is REDD+

REDD + Additional forest activities(increasing forest )

Read Geoscientist questions in the lecture