Nur 1390 exam 2

What is growth?

Quantifiable changes in structure or size

• Weight

• height

• Head Circumference

• Some areas or changes associated with sex

Influences on growth

• Genetic factors

• Prenatal/Postnatal exposures

• Nutrition

• Environment

Rapid growth time periods

• Child bearing

• Infancy

• Adolescence

Growth is not

Stead or uniform throughout lifespan

Cephalocaudal

Head to toe

In an infant; head to neck control

Proximaldistal

Midline to periphery

In an infant: central nervous system develops before peripheral

Differentiation

understand that a child needs to accomplishment the whole hand grasp prior to pincer grasp is best associated with

Eriksons theory

Psychosocial; Based on the needs of each person to develop a sense of trust in self and others/ a sense of self worth

Trust vs Mistrust

creating a foundation that needs are being met and due to this the world is a google place

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Toddler ages 1-3

Making their own decisions

Initiative vs Guilt

ages 3-5;

Trying new things and handling failure

Industry vs Inferiority

age 6-puberty;

Stage to learn basic skills and learning to work with others

Identity vs Role confusion

Adolescence;

Goal to develop a lasting integrated and correct view of self

Intimacy and Isolation

young adult hood;

Goal to commit to another in a relationship

Generativity vs isolation

Middle adulthood 45-65;

Goal is to remain prevalent, help younger people, productive work

Integrity vs Despair

Greater than 66 years old;

Goal is to view life as satisfactory and as worth living

Piagets cognitive theory

Development proceeds learning; How the mind works

Vygostsky’s cognitive theory

Belief that learning proceeds development; less known in healthcare and more focused in education

Family

Interacting individuals related by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption

Nuclear family structure

Traditionally married man and women with children

Single-Parent family

One parent and children; most commonly single mother (2nd most common family arrangement in the U.S)

Blended family

Step families; 1 birth parent and a non birthparent

Cohabited family

No legal bond of marriage

Extended family

Multigenerational

Communal family

Members who share a common bond; students in a dorm

Non-traditional family

Commuter marriages

Family function

• Physical provision

• Economic

• Sexual intimacy

• Reproductive

• Education

• Socialization

Comprehensive family assessment

Completed in order to view the family health status as a unit; home visits, viewing interactions between members

Risk categories for families

Lifestyle, Biological (genetics), Environmental, Social, Health care system (overuse, lack of access)

Health-Perception Health Management Pattern

A familys percieved health, management, and preventative practices

Nutritional and Metabolic Pattern

Family’s typical food and beverage consumption

Elimination pattern

Regularity and control of family’s excretory functions; very age specific

Activity-Exercise Pattern

Family creates setting for physical activity; attitudes/beliefs about exercise

Sleep rest pattern

Regular sleeping patterns

Cognitive perceptional pattern

Language, cognitive skills, perception that influence family activities

Self-perception/ Self concept

Family's self worth and feelings as manifested shared aspirations, values, expectations, fears, successes

Roles relationship pattern

Identifies characteristics of family roles and relationships

Genogram

Family diagram; highlights membership and structure

Ecomap

Pictorial techniques document family; they are functional rather than structural

Important definitions effecting the family

Home; condition of the house

Neighborhood: Crime, pollution, transportation access

Community; Resources (school, shopping), health facilities

School aged goal

Preparation to assist and support remodeling and reorganization of the childs world

Adolescence goal

Letting go and losing of family ties; trying to figure themselves out

Families of young adults goal

Launch the children

Pregnancy begins at

Fertilization

Fertilization is the

Fusion of sperm and egg

After fertilization

The sperm penetrates the egg; implantation will occur

Implantation is

Attachment to the uterus and formation of the placenta, 8 days after fertilization

Placenta

How a fetus will get nutrients from the mother for the duration of the pregnancy; prevents direct blood exchange ( heavy molecules cannot pass but lighter ones can)

Estrogen

Increase blood flow and growth

Progesterone

Maintains and quiets uterus

Preconception

Primary intervention that benefits reproductive age women and potential children

Prenatal

More of a secondary action as at the time this care occurs the woman is pregnant

Preconception care

Focus on risk assessment, health screening, health promotion and counseling

Infertility

Failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse

Role of the nurse when it comes ot infertility

To support and educate

Infants conceived through IVF have a greater risk of

• Genetic abnormalities

• Prematurity

• Multiple pregnancy

Surrogacy

Occurs when a woman carries a child for another couple

Normal BMI gain during pregnancy

25-35 lb

Overweight pregnancy

28-40 lb

Overweight pregnancy

15-25 lb

Obese pregnancy

11-20 lb

4 phases of labor

• Dilation > opening of cervix

• Pushing > complete dilation until birth

• Placental > from brith to newborn delivery of placenta

• Recovery > 4 hours after birth

Generally takes how many hours to become fully dialated

8-12 hours

Nursing role during pushing

To assist with positioning

Infant period

Associated with birth to 12 months;

Total reliance on others during this phase

Framework used during infancy

Growth and development

Basic task of the newborn period

Survival and interacting with environment

Piaget’s Sensiomotor period

The infant develops the coordination to master activities that allow them to interact with the environment

Gender is a

Social Construct

Birth defects

Abnormalities of structure, function or metabolism as a result of environmental or genetic influences on the fetus

Maternal age increase the risk of

Down syndrome with geriatric pregnancy’s

What do infants have soft sutures and fontanels for?

Allows them to pass the head through the birth canal

Survival skills for infants

• Breathing

• Sucking

• Eating

• Digesting

• Eliminating

• Sleeping

5-6 months

Able to sit alone without support ; begin to grasp blocks or cubes using the palmar grasp technique

6-9 Months

Crawling may begin, can walk while holding adults hand, sit steadily

9-12 months

Infant begins to balance while standing alone

Elimination during pregnancy

6-12 wet diapers per day

Activity-exercise in infancy

Play in a way to help with learning how to move, communicate, understand, and socialize

Leading cause of death

• Falls

• Burns

• Swallowing and choking on objects

Toddler

Ages 1-3 years old

growing 2-4 inches per year

anterior fontanel closed by 18 months

Toddlers are greatly dependent on

Parents; they view pain and illness as a punishment

Toddlers can take up to

32oz of milk per day

Toddlers need to eat

Iron-rich foods; do not encourage them to drink juice

Allergies

• Peanuts (ground)

• Treenuts

• Gluten

• Egg

• Milk

• Fish

• Shellfish

• Soy

Toddlers like to eat

“people food”; foods they can dip, bright colored food

Toddler sleep

Decrease needs from 16 hours to 10-13 hours

Egocentrism

Only views the world as it relates to them

By age ___ toddlers behind to engage in cooperative play where they play with other children and toys

Three

Kohlberg

Best associated with the moral development theory

the evaluation of how well potty training for a child in the home is best associated with gordon’s

Elimination pattern

the toddlers ability to imitate adult behaviors is an important sign of

cognitive development

Nurses are mandated reporters of

Child abuse

One of the leading causes of death for ages 1-4

Motor vehicle accidents; car seats should face the rear

Preschool aged

Ages 3-6 years; more developed body structure

Preschool high risk allergens

Milk, eggs, and peanuts. most food allergies develop before age 2

Activity- exercise in preshcool age

Engage in more interactive play

Preschool aged sleep

8-12 hours

Night terrors

Not fully awake; no recall of incident in am

Nightmares

Frightening dreams, can describe and recall

What lessens nightmares

Helping child understand real vs pretend