Embryology

capacitation

process of the sperm head becomes more permeable to calcium ions, which diffuse into the sperm and stimulate lashing of the tail

capacitation

what must sperm go through before they can penetrate the egg?

polyspermy

The fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm

Artificial insemination

the oldest and simplest reproductive technology

Artificial insemination

Man’s sperm are used to artificially inseminate another women

In Vitro Fertilization

eggs are harvested, fertilized, and returned

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer

Traveling down the uterine tube seems to improve the chance of implantation when the conceptus reaches the uterus

Surrogate Mother

carries child (and sometimes also provides egg) for a women who does not have a functional uterus

Artificial Insemination

Most women use sperm from anonymous donors but are able to select from a catalog that specifies the donors physical and intellectual traits

Oocyte donation

eggs are obtained from a donor, fertilized, and transplanted to uterus of the client

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer

eggs and sperm are introduced to fallopian tube proximal to the obstruction

Artificial Insemination

especially useful if only male is infertile

In Vitro Fertilization

fertilization occurs in laboratory glassware

embryo adoption

A few days later, the pre-embryo is flushed from the donor’s uterus before it implants, and the embryo is transferred back to the uterus of the mother who wishes to have the child

Oocyte Donation

opposite of sperm donors

In Vitro Fertilization

sometimes this results in multiple births

In Vitro Fertilization

expensive reproductive technology

chorionic villi

Fetal blood flows through growths called ____, which project into the placental sinus?

Blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

B

Embryoblast

C

Blastocoel

D

cleavage

refers to mitotic division that occur in the first 3 days, whith the conceptus migrates down the uterine tube

blastomeres

the first two daughter cells

morula

the 16 cell stage

Blastocyst

The morula lies free in the uterine cavity on days 4 and 5 and divides into 100 cells or so, while the zona pellucida disintegrates and releases the conceptus

trophoblast

outer layer of squamous cells

embryoblast

an inner cell mass

blastocoel

a hollow internal cavity

trophoblast

will form part of the placenta

embryoblast

will become the embryo itself

Embryogenesis

When the blastomeres become arranged into the primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

epiblast, hypoblast

The embryoblast flattens into an enbryonic disc composed of initially two layers. the ____ and _____.

Epiblast

What faces the Amniotic Cavity?

Hypoblast

What faces the Yolk Sac?

yolk sac

What does the Hypoblast face?

epiblast

The primitive Streak forms along the?

Gastrulation

_______ is the process of multiplying epiblast cells migrate medially toward the primitive groove and down into it?

endoderm

Multiplying epiblast cells migrate to replace the hypoblast and form the ____ first?

mesoderm

A day later multiplying epiblast cells migrate to replace the hypoblast and form the ____ second?

Ectoderm

Once the other 2 layers form, the remaining epiblast cells form the ____ ?

mesoderm

An overflow of cells from this layer ____ forms the placenta?

endoderm

This layer forms the gut lines, intestines, liver, and pancreas

mesoderm

This layer forms bones, muscle, heart, and blood

ectoderm

This layer forms epidermis (skin) and nervous system

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Cytotrophoblast

B

Hypoblast

C

Epiblast

D

Amniotic cavity

A

ectoderm

B

Mesoderm

C

Endoderm

D

Yolk Sac

E

Fetus

By the end of the 8 weeks, all of the organ systems are present, the individual is about 3 cm long, and is now considered a ____

Organogenesis

The germ layers differentiate into organs and organ systems

Uterine Milk

The conceptus absorbs this fluid as it travels down the tube and lies free in the uterine cavity?

Trophoblastic Nutrition

The conceptus it consumes so-called decidual cells of the endometrium?

Placental Nutrition

Nutrients diffuse from the mother’s blood through the ______ into the fetal blood?

Uterine Milk

The accumulating fluid forms the blastocoel?

Trophoblastic Nutrition

Progesterone from the corpus luteum stimulates these cells to proliferate and accumulate a store of glycogen, proteins, and lipids?

Placental Nutrition

Consisting of chorionic villi embedded in the mother’s endometrium?

Trophoblastic Nutrition

The syncytiotrophoblast digests these cells and supplies the nutrients to the embryoblast?

Placental Nutrition

Begins to develop about 11 days after conception, becomes the dominant mode of nutrition around week 9, and is the sole mode of nutrition from the end of week 12 until birth?

Trophoblastic Nutrition

Is the only mode of nutrition for the first week after implantation and remains the dominant source through the end of week 8?

Uterine Milk

Is the only mode of nutrition from fertilization through implantation?

Ductus Venosus

____ turns into the ligamentum teres?

Ductus Arteriosus

____ turns into the ligamentum arteriosum?

Foramen ovale

_____ turns into the fossa ovalis?

fertilization

Blue

cleavage

yellow

blastomere

red

morula

pink

Blastocyst

green

embryo

A developing individual is first classified as a _____ when the three primary germ layers have formed.

Syncytiotrophoblast

the outer cell mass of a blastocyst, concerned with anchoring and nourishing the embryo, is called the _____?

Uterine Milk

Prior to implantation, a conceptus is nourished by_____?

amniotic fluid

The fetus floats in _____, composed in large part of its own urine

ductus arteriosus

Prior to birth, a shunt called the _____ is between the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

chorion

The placenta is composed partly of maternal tissue and partly of. the ______, one of the four embryonic membranes

implantation

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall

morula

when a conceptus arrives in the uterus, it is at what stage of development?

blastocyst

the stage of the conceptus that implants in the uterine wall

amnion

Fetal urine accumulates in the _____ and contributes to the fluid there

trophoblastic nutrition

For the first 8 weeks of gestation, a conceptus is nourished mainly by?

teratogen

viruses, drugs, and radiation the cause congenital anatomical deformities are called?

blastocoel

A

Trophoblast

B

Embryoblast

C

Syncytiotrophoblast

In the superficial layer, in contact with the endometrium, the plasma membranes break down, and the trophoblast cells fuse into a multinucleate mass called the ______?

Cytotrophoblast

the deep layer, close to the embryoblast, is called the ______ because it retains individual cells divided by membranes.

hCG

Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone, which suppresses menstruation

chorion

outermost membrane, enclosing all the rest of the membranes and the embryo

yolk sac

sac arises from hypoblast

allantois

begins as an outpocketing of the yolk sac

amnion

sac that develops from cells of the epiblast

chorion

the villous _____ forms the fetal portion of the placenta

amnion

contains fluid which protects the embryo

yolk sac i

contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and future egg or sperm cells

Allantois

it forms the foundation for the umbilical cord and becomes part of the urinary bladder