leukograms and protein readings
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166 Terms
what will the WBC be in acute inflammatory?
leukocytosis
what will the SEGS be in acute inflammatory?
neutrophilia
what will the bands be in acute inflammatory?
regenerative left shift; bands will be over 1000
what is the neutrophil ratio in acute inflammatory?
segs > bands
what will the lymph be in acute inflammatory?
lymphopenia
what will the monocytes be in acute inflammatory?
WRI or monocytosis
what will the eosinophils be in acute inflammatory?
WRI or eosinophilia
what will the basophils be in acute inflammatory?
WRI
what will the WBC be in catecholamine?
leukocytosis
what is the cause of catecholamine?
increased epinepherine due to being scared; why history is crucial
what will the SEGS look like in catecholamine?
neutrophilia
what will the bands look like in catecholamine?
WRI
what will the neutrophil ratio be in catecholamine?
not applicable
what will the lymph look like in catecholamine?
lymphophilia
what will the monocytes look like in catecholamine?
WRI or monocytosis
what will the eosinophils look like in catecholamine?
WRI
what will the basophils look like in catecholamine?
WRI
what species is effected by catecholamine?
mainly cats, sometimes horses
what will the WBC look like in chronic inflammation?
leukocytosis
what will the SEGS look like in chronic inflammation?
neutrophilia
what will the bands look like in chronic inflammation?
NO BANDS; KEY FEATURE
what will the neutrophil ratio look like in chronic inflammation?
N/A
what will the lymph look like in chronic inflammation?
lymphophilia
what will the monocytes look like in chronic inflammation?
monocytosis
what will the eosinophils look like in chronic inflammation?
WRI or eosinophilia
what will the basophils look like in chronic inflammation?
WRI or basophilia
what will WBC look like in cortisol (stress)?
leukocytosis
what will the SEGS look like in cortisol (stress)?
neutrophilia
what will the bands look like in cortisol (stress)?
left shift; bands are less than 1000
what is the neutrophil ratio in cortisol (stress)?
seg > band
what does lymph look like in cortisol (stress)?
lymphopenia
what do monocytes look like in cortisol (stress)?
monocytosis
what do eosinophils look like in cortisol (stress)?
WRI or eosinopenia
what do basophils look like in cortisol (stress)?
N/A
what does WBC look like in acute overwhelming?
leukopenia
what do SEGS look like in acute overwhelming?
neutropenia
what do bands look like in acute overwhelming?
degenerative left shift; bands greater than 1000
what is the neutrophil ratio in acute overwhelming?
segs < bands
what do lymph look like in acute overwhelming?
lymphopenia
what do monocytes look like in acute overwhelming?
WRI
what do eosinophils look like in acute overwhelming?
WRI or eosinopenia
what do basophils look like in acute overwhelming?
WRI or basophilia
which types of inflammation involve leukocytosis?
1. acute inflammatory
2. catecholamine
3. chronic inflammatory
4. cortisol (stress)
which types of inflammation involve leukopenia?
acute overwhelming
which type of leukogram has a regenerative left shift?
acute inflammatory
which type of leukogram has a left shift?
cortisol (stress)
which type of leukogram has a degenerative left shift?
acute overwhelming
which type of leukograms have segs > bands?
1. acute inflammatory
2. cortisol (stress)
which type of leukograms have segs < bands?
acute overwhelming
TP
total protein in serum
pTPref
plasma total protein by refractometry
ALB
albumin meausred in serum
GLB
globulin
APP
acute phase proteins
BCG
bromocresol green
SPE
serum protein electrophoresis
what does it mean if a term ends in "-osis"?
the value has increased past the reference interval
what does it mean if a term ends in "philia"?
the value has increased past the reference interval
what does it mean if a term ends in "penia"?
the value has decreased past the reference interval
what are the types of methods in leukocyte counting?
1. impedance
2. optical
3. manual
what is the principle of impedance to determine leukocyte concentrations?
each nucleus of the leukocyte impedes electron flow and is counted
2 multiple choice options
what is an example of impedance?
Zoetis HM5
2 multiple choice options
what is the principle of optical to determine leukocyte concentrations?
each whole leukocyte intersects the laser beam and light scatter defines their size, granularity, and nuclear shape
what is an example of optical?
Idexx procyte
2 multiple choice options
what is the principle of manual to determine leukocyte concentrations?
100 leukocyte subsets stained on a blood film are counted using a microscope and cell counter
2 multiple choice options
what is an example of manual?
Glass slide and microscope
2 multiple choice options
which type of leukocyte counting method yields the most accurate concentration counts?
Manual
2 multiple choice options
what is the analytical method used to identify serum TP?
copper dye
3 multiple choice options
what phase proteins are detected within serum TP?
1. acute phase proteins
2. delayed phase proteins
what is the analytical method used to identify serum ALB?
BCG dye
3 multiple choice options
what phase proteins are detected within serum ALB?
negative phase acute proteins
do we detect delayed phase proteins in serum ALB?
NO
1 multiple choice option
what is the analytical method used to identify serum GLB?
subtraction
3 multiple choice options
what is the formula to determine serum GLB?
TP - ALB
what phase proteins are detected with serum GLB?
1. acute phase proteins
2. delayed phase proteins
what is the analytical method used to identify albumin and globulin fractions?
SPE
3 multiple choice options
SPE
serum protein electrophoresis
what phase proteins are detected with albumin and globulin fractions?
1. acute phase proteins
2. delayed phase proteins
what is the analytical method used to identify plasma TP?
refractometry
3 multiple choice options
what phase of proteins are detected in plasma TP?
1. acute phase proteins
2. delayed phase proteins
in protein terminology, what does it mean if we have the prefix "hyper"?
protein has increased past the reference interva
2 multiple choice options
in protein terminology, what does it mean if we have the prefix "hypo"?
protein has decreased past the reference interval
2 multiple choice options
what are the causes of hyperproteinemia?
1. dehydration
2. inflammation
3. B cell neoplasia
why might dehydration cause hyperproteinemia?
you have less fluid overall, so the concentration of proteins overall in the blood will increase
effusion
filled with fluid
febrile
feverish
exudates
pus; indicates an inflammatory issue
on a SPE graph what are the indications that your patient has inflammation?
1. increase in positive acute phase proteins
2. decrease in negative phase acute proteins
3. increase in delayed phase proteins
which proteins are your positive acute phase proteins?
1. haptoglobin
2. fibrinogen
which positive acute phase protein will be missing in serum?
fibrinogen
which proteins are your negative acute phase proteins?
1. albumin
2. transferrin
which proteins are you delayed phase proteins?
immunoglobulins present in the gamma fraction of SPE; can sometimes be beta-2 fraction as well
when looking at an SPE data graph, what would indicate that you patient has B-lymphocyte neoplasia?
1. TP and GLB are increased
2. albumin is decreased
3. narrow peak of gamma fraction
what is the most indicative sign on a SPE graph of B-lymphocyte neoplasia?
your gamma fraction will be a very narrow peak
leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells
neutrophilia
increase in the number of SEG neutrophils
left shift
increase in the number of non-segmented neutrophils
where will you find band neutrophils in the body?
maturation pool of bone marrow
2 multiple choice options
what are the two types of neutrophils?
1. band neutrophil
2. segmented neutrophil
which neutrophil is the "young" neutrophil?
band neutrophil
1 multiple choice option
Note 
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