Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System - Heart

pulmonary circuit

What circuit is being described?

• right side of the heart

• receives blood from the lungs

• pumps blood to the lungs

right ventricle

What ventricle pushes blood through the right & left pulmonary arteries to the lungs?

oxygenated

The right artery pushes blood through the right & left pulmonary arteries to the lungs so the blood can be ___________

pulmonary veins

The oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the right and left _______________

systemic circuit

What circuit is being described?

• left side of the heart

• houses capillary blood

• receives blood from the aorta

mediastinum

Also known as the space between the lungs, this area houses the heart

pericardial cavity

What cavity contains the heart?

base

What is the flatter, superior area of the heart?

base

What area of the heart is located around the 2nd to 3rd costal cartilage?

apex

What is the pointy, inferior area of the heart?

apex

What area of the heart is located around the junction of the 4th and 5th ribs?

apex

What part of the heart is deviated toward the left side of the thoracic cavity?

epicardium, endocardium, myocardium

What are the components to the heart wall?

epicardium

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

epicardium

What layer of the heart consists of simple squamous epithelia that sits over areolar tissue?

• has adipose tissue & coronary vessels

endocardium

What is the Inner layer of the heart?

endocardium

What layer of the heart consists of simple squamous epithelia that sits over areolar tissue?

• lines the inside of the heart chambers

endocardium

What layer of the heart secretes nitric oxide?

nitric oxide

What chemical makes the surface of the inside of the heart very slick and slippery?

myocardium

What is the thickest, middle layer of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle?

right ventricle

What ventricle has thinner walls because the lungs aren't too far?

left ventricle

What ventricle has thicker walls because the systemic circuit goes throughout the body?

spiral

The cardiac muscle fibers in the heart chamber form a _______ pattern

myocordial vortex

What component of the heart has a spiral pattern and wrings the blood upward?

pericardium

What is the double walled membrane that lines the heart?

visceral pericardium

What pericardium layer is closest to the heart, also known as the epicardium?

parietal pericardium

What is the outer layer of the pericardium that lines the pericardial cavity?

parietal pericardium

What layer of the pericardium secretes serous fluid?

fibrous and parietal pericardium

What components of the heart make up the pericardial sac?

right atrium

What part of the heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

right ventricle

What part of the heart chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

left atrium

What part of the heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

left ventricle

What part of the heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

four

How many chambers does the heart have?

tricuspid valve

What is another word for the right atrioventricular valve?

bicuspid valve

What is another word for the left atrioventricular valve?

• aka mitral valve

cardiomyocytes

What is the name of the heart muscle cells responsible for contractions?

- striated

- abundant glycogen

- large T tubules

- mitochondria

intercalated discs

What are the junctions between cardiomyocytes called?

- combination of demosomes and gap junctions

desmosomes

What component of intercalated discs fastens cells together into strong sheets?

- aka (anchoring junctions)

gap junctions

What component of intercalated discs are the little pores between the cardiomyocytes?

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

What does CPR stand for?

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

If someone who's heart stopped, they need blood to be manually pumped to the brain. What procedure should they do?

100

CPR requires ____ compressions per minute

5

The depth one pushes during CPR is ____ cm deep

sternum (T4-T9)

Where are CPR compressions are delivered?

cardiac tamponade

Define the diagnosis:

What is the term for excess fluid in the pericardial space?

effusion of blood or pus caused by the following: trauma, infection, cancer, myocardial infarction (MI), surgery

What can cause cardiac tamponade?

it limits the amount of space for the heart to contract

Why is excess fluid in the heart (cardiac tamponade) dangerous?

atrial septal defect

Define the diagnosis:

A flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart. Patent foramen ovale remains open when it should've sealed.

abnormal mixing of blood

Atrial septal defects can allow what?

ventricular septal defect

Define the diagnosis:

• A defect in the intraventricular septum

• Causes pulmonary infundibular stenosis (narrowing of pulmonary valve)

• Causes shifting of aorta

• Causes right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening muscle)

carditis

Define the diagnosis:

- inflammation of the heart

- result of inflammation

- can cause mitral valve regurgitation

mitral valve regurgitation

Define the diagnosis:

- sometimes a result of carditis

- left ventricular valve doesn't close completely

prolapsed valve

Define the diagnosis:

- mitral valve cusp is forced backward

- causes blood regurgitation

- valve doesn't close

valve stenosis

Define the diagnosis:

- valves don't open properly due to hardening or calcification

coronary artery disease

Define the diagnosis:

- atheroma formation

- atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

- leading cause of death worldwide

- causes vessel narrowing which results in angina pectoris

myocardial infarction

Define the diagnosis:

- known as a heart attack

- caused by the death of cardiomyocytes as a result of ischemia from coronary artery disease or atheroma formation

A.) Systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit.

Q.) What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system?

A. )In the mediastinum, approximately at the 2nd to 3rd costal cartilage.

Q.) Where is the heart located?

A.) The inferior part of the heart, oriented to the left, located at the junction of the 4th and 5th ribs on the left.

Q.) What is the apex of the heart?

A.) Epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (middle layer), and endocardium (inner layer).

Q.) What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A.) It is continuous with the valves and blood vessel lining and secretes nitric oxide.

Q.) What is the function of the endocardium?

A.) A double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, consisting of parietal and visceral layers.

Q.) What is the pericardium?

A.) Parietal pericardium (fibrous and serous layers) and visceral pericardium (epicardium).

Q.) What are the components of the pericardium?

A.) Right and left atria, and right and left ventricles.

Q.) What are the heart chambers?

A.) They separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent backflow during ventricular contraction.

Q.) What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A.) Tricuspid valve (right) and bicuspid (mitral) valve (left).

Q.) What are the names of the atrioventricular valves?

A.) Valves located at the exit of the ventricles: aortic valve and pulmonary valve.

Q.) What are the semilunar valves?

A.) They supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

Q.) What is the role of coronary vessels?

A.) Striated muscle fibers, abundant glycogen, large T tubules, mitochondria, and intercalated discs.

Q.) What is cardiac muscle characterized by?

A.) Enters right atrium, pumped into right ventricle, then pumped out to the lungs.

Q.) What is the direction of blood flow starting from the right atrium?

A.) Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, causing AV valves to open.

Q.) What happens during ventricular filling?

A.) Excess fluid in the pericardial space, which can result from trauma, infection, or other conditions.

Q.) What is cardiac tamponade?

A.) A condition where the patent foramen ovale does not close after birth, allowing abnormal mixing of blood.

Q.) What is an atrial septal defect?

A.) 1. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis, 2. Overriding aorta, 3. Ventricular septal defect, 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy.

Q.) What are the components of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A.) The leading cause of death worldwide, characterized by atheroma formation and vessel narrowing.

Q.) What is coronary artery disease?

A.) A heart attack resulting in cardiomyocyte death.

Q.) What is myocardial infarction?

A.) Manual chest compressions (5 cm deep at 100 compressions/min) can help maintain blood flow during cardiac arrest.

Q.) What is the significance of CPR?

A.) The hardening or calcification of heart valves, leading to restricted blood flow.

Q.) What is valve stenosis?

A.) A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium.

Q.) What is mitral valve regurgitation?