NHP Noninfectious diseases

What is scurvy?

deficiency in vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Why are guinea pigs and NHP prone to vitamin C deficiency?

guinea pigs and most primates lack this capacity due to absence of the enzyme l-gulonolactone oxidase.

What is ascorbic acid essential for in the body?

The absence of ascorbic acid reduces the function of prolyl hydroxylase, which is required to form hydroxyproline, an amino acid found in collagen but rarely found in other proteins.

Collagen lacking hydroxyproline is more fragile and contributes to the clinical manifestations of scurvy, including vessel wall fragility.

What does hypovitaminosis A do in Macaques?

Increase risk of abortion

What does hypervitaminosis A do in Callitrichids?

Musculoskeletal lameness, paresis cachexia, debilitation, alopecia

See Spinal hyperostosis and spinal ankylosis on pathology

What causes the following in macaques:

Visual impairment

Spastic paralysis of

hindlimbs

Decreased range of

motion in knees

Painful, swollen joints

Contracted tendons

Hand walking

Megaloblastic anemia

Hypovitaminosis B12

What does scurvy cause in NHPs?

Reluctance to move

Joint pain and

tenderness

Lameness, abnormal

locomotion

Gingival swelling,

hyperemia, petechia

Bruising

Microcytic anemia

What unique anatomic pathology do you see in spider monkeys with scurvy?

Squirrel monkeys Acute cephalohematoma.

What is likely the cause of this pathology in a spider monkey?

scurvy

Hypovitaminosis D2 clinical signs in old world monkeys?

Failure to grow

Wrists and knee

enlargement

Bowing of long bones

What is rickets?

Hypovitaminosis D

Hypovitaminosis D3 clinical presentation in new world monkeys?

Growth retardation

Impaired ambulation

Fractured long bones

Masticatory weakness,

difficulty chewing

Inanition, death

What is the treatment for hypovitaminosis D?

UVB lighting, provide vitamin D in diet

What can cause megaloblastic anemia in NHPs?

Folic acid deficiency

In which species does Hypovitaminosis E cause cardiomyopathy?

Babboons

In which species does Hypovitaminosis E cause anemia?

owl monkeys

What nutritional imbalance contributes to marmoset wasting syndrome?

Calcium deficiency

Can you treat marmosets with wasting disease after clinical signs develop with vitamin E?

No but can be preventative

What are the clinical signs of calcium deficiency in tamarins?

Steatitis and myositis

What can cause Simian bone deficiency and osteomalacia in simians?

Calcium deficiency

What is a potential nutritional cause for Kyphosis

Bowing, fractured long bones in Simians?

calcium deficiency

How is scurvy treated?

Clinical signs resolve within days of

corrective vitamin C therapy.

What is a possible cause of aortic aneurysm?

femoral artery bleeding or atherosclerosis or copper deficiency

What are common congenital heart diseases in NHPs?

ventricular septal defects, patent ductus

arteriosis, and atrial septal defects being observed most

frequently

Common noninfectious cause of this photo?

Abscessation of molar teeth

in squirrel monkeys usually extends into the infraorbital

region of the eye and can lead to exophthalmos and blind

ness

What is a common sequela of overeating and over drinking?

Acute gastric dilatation or bloat in nonhuman primates

has occurred following overeating and drinking, following alteration of gastric flora from antimicrobial

therapy, or following anesthesia, transportation, or

other change in routine.

Bloat has been associated with gastric proliferation of

Clostridium perfringens

What noninfectious GI diseases are common in NHPS?

IBD, diverticulosis, rectal prolapse

Which NHPs commonly get amyloidosis?

It is most frequently recognized in aged

macaques and common marmosets

What type of amyloidosis is most common in mammals?

AA or reactive ‘secondary’ amyloidosis is the most common systemic amyloid-associated disease found in mammals

What is the etiology of amyloidosis?

Unknown but In macaques systemic forms may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, chronic catheterization, or chronic infections such as SRV. Systemic amyloidosis often involves the gastrointestinal tract (colon and small intestine), liver and spleen

How do you treat amyloidosis?

DMSO

Older macaque with chronic diarrhea, not infectious cause found, what is likely the cause?

Amyloidosis

Which NHPs is hypoglycemia a primary disorder? Why?

Squirrel monkeys, marmosets, and owl monkeys

may develop hypoglycemia as a primary disorder.

Predisposing factors include higher basal metabolic rates, lower percentage of body adipose tissue, limited glycogen reserves, limited gluconeogenic enzymes, and limited ability to utilize ketones or fatty acids

What NHPs are predisposed to Fatal fasting syndrome?

Fatal fasting syndrome, also known as ‘fat macaque

syndrome’ or ‘fatal fatty liver syndrome’, is an acute

metabolic syndrome which may be precipitated by a

variety of causes and which is seen most frequently in

obese middle-aged female macaques. Decreased food

intake is thought to result in a shift to utilization of

fatty acids as a primary energy source overwhelming

the liver’s ability to process these stores and resulting

in severe hepatic lipidosis.

NHP with this liver could be predisposed to what condition?

Fatty liver disease

What is the most frequent neoplasm of Older macaques?

Intestinal adenocarcinoma is the most frequent neoplasm

in older rhesus macaques

What is the principle DDX for intestinal adenocarcinoma in older female macaques?

The principal differential diagnosis in older

female monkeys would be endometriosis.

Clinical signs of intestinal adenocarcinoma?

The cause is unknown but may be associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The cause

is unknown but may be associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Most common neoplasm of the skin in NHPs?

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common

skin neoplasm in nonhuman primates

Causes of Squamous Cell carcinoma?

Etiologies include (1) exposure to sunlight, (2)

papillomaviruses, (3) carcinogens such as n-methyl-

N-nitrosourea that may experimentally induce SCCs in

the digestive tract (esophagus), and (4) chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces such as that induced by

parasites or infection.

Which NHPs are most prone to arthritis?

macaques, gorillas, and chimpanzees.

Reactive arthritis is associated with which pathogen in macaques?

Reactive arthritis, secondary to previous Shigella flexneri

infection, is the best characterized of these entities

and is a well-recognized syndrome in macaques.

Which nhps, old or new are most prone to rickets of D3 origin?

New World

What does cholecalciferol do? Why are new world NHPs prone to vitamin D3 deficiency?

Cholecaciferol or vitamin D3 is derived from animals and is hydroxylated in the liver to form 25(OH)D3 and is further hydroxylated in the kidney to form 1,25(OH)2D3 which is the active hormone.

While Old World primates are able to synthesize

adequate D3 from D2, New World primates must

have a dietary source of D3 to prevent metabolic bone

disease.

Most common clinical signs of metabolic bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency?

1. deformation at epiphyseal plates, Microfractures

   may occur at these sites with formation of transverse

   radiolucent (‘Looser’s’) lines that may be recognized

   radiographically.

What is the most common gynaecologic disease of old world primates?

Endometriosis

What is endometriosis?

It is a progressive disease characterized

by the deposition and proliferation of endometrial

tissue outside of the uterine cavity.

Predisposing factors for endometriosis formation?

Contributing risk factors

include radiation, treatment with estradiol implants,

previous hysterotomy, and stress

What could this be?

endometriosis

Diagnosis of endometrisosis?

Ultrasonic guided

aspiration of brownish fluid is highly suggestive of the

presence of endometriosis

Most common areas affected by endometriosis?

most commonly associated with the serosa

of the uterus, bladder, omentum, colon, and uterine ligaments. Can be very aggressive.

What on pathology is pathopneumonic for endometriosis?

multichambered mass containing reddish-brown to brown

raised cystic regions or ‘chocolate cysts’.

Treatment of endometriosis?

Treatment options include ovariohysterectomy,

resection of cysts, progesterone therapy, and

leuprolide acetate.

What are some treatment options for self-injurious behaviour?

1. A number of different therapeutics have been used including benzodiazepine (Tiefenbacher et al., 2005), l-tryptophan (Weld et al., 1998), fluoxetine (Fontenot et al., 2009), guanfacine (Macy et al., 2000), and cyproterone acetate.

2. Tieffenbacher et al. (2005) reported a bimodal response to diazepam in which the drug decreased self wounding episodes in half of the rhesus macaques but had no effect or exacerbated wounding behavior in the

   remaining animals.