SNC2D6 - Final

Matter

Any substance that takes up space and has mass

Element

A substance that can’t be broken down into smaller parts

Compounds

Substances comprised of two or more elements

A, Z, X meaning in scientific notation

Atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol

5 signs of chemical change

Gas bubbles, change in colour, light, heat, precipitate formation

Ionic bond

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating bonded metal and non-metal ions, soluble

Covalent bonds

Sharing of electrons to form complete valence shells between non-metals, usually insoluble

Acid compounds

Hydrogen ions, molecular compounds, soluble

Basic compounds

Hydroxide or carbonate ions, ionic bonds, soluble

Polyatomic ions

Ions of more than one atomic from more than one element that act as one ion, usually with -ate suffix

Multivalent metals

Metals that can form ions with multiple charges

Synthesis reaction

Single elements combining to form one compound

Decomposition reaction

A compound breaking down into smaller components

Single displacement reaction

An element switches places with one element in a compound

Double displacement reaction

Two compounds, one element in each compound switch precipitate

Combustion

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon burning to produce water and carbon dioxide

CytOplasM

Consists of Organelles, Molecules, ions, and water

Golgi BODY

Packages proteins

Mitochondria

Site where energy is produced

VaCuoles/lyosomes

Contains digestive chemicals and debris

NuCleus

Control Centre of the Cell, Contains Cell DNA

NucleaR membrane

Regulates substances going in/out of the nucleus

Endoplasmic recTiculum

Transports substances Throughout cell

RibosoMes

Making proteins

Interphase

DNA is replicated

Prophase

Chromosomes shorten

Metaphase

Sister chromatids line up

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

New nucleus forms at each rnd

Cytokinesis

Cells contents divided between 2 daughter cells

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis happens

Cell wall

Provides rigidity to the plant

Vacuole

Keeps cells plump and leaves and stems firm

Why cells don’t grow indefinitely

Cell membrane must transport energy to parts inside the cell, but as it grows the outside cannot keep up with the inside.

Purpose of cell division

Growth, reproduction, heal wounds

Mitosis purpose

Equal distribution of genes, cytoplasm, and organelles between two daughter cells.

Diffusion vs. osmosis

Solute moves from high concentration area to a low concentration vs. water moves to a high solute concentration

Metastasis

When some cancerous cells of a tumour break off and spread to another part of the body through the bloodstream, creating a second tumour

Secondary tumour formation

A tumour is formed, blood vessels are signalled to provide it with nutrients, cells break off and spread through the bloodstream creating a secondary tumour, this can be fatal

How is cancer diagnosed once a tumour is located?

Biopsy

Why might cancer return after a tumour is removed?

Some cancerous cells may remain after removal and grow back, or undergo metastasis and grow a tumour in a new area

What are carcinogens?

Substances that cause uncontrolled cell division by mutating genetic material

Examples of carcinogens

Chemicals like smoking or tar, radiation like UV light and x rays

Benign vs. malignant tumours

Localized, non cancerous vs cancerous, spreads

Levels of organization

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Diseases that stem cell transplants may alleviate

Type 1 diabetes, Parkinsons disease, brain and spinal cord injuries, stroke

Types of animal tissues

Connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

SALT

Size, attitude, location, type

Focal point in concave mirrors

Halfway between the mirror surface and centre of curvature

Focal point in convex mirrors

Behind the mirror on the extension of reflected rays (virtual rays)

What causes the creation of images in plane mirrors?

Our brain creates a virtual image behind the mirror.

An incident ray leaving the tip of the object travelling parallel to the principal axis will

Reflect through the focal point

An incident ray leaving the tip of the object passing through the focal point will

Reflect back parallel to the principal axis

An incidence ray leaving the tip of the object that passes though the centre of curvature

Well reflect right back

The image is always found by

The intersection of the reflected rays

In convex mirrors, the reflected rays always intersect

Behind the mirror

For concave mirrors the reflect rays can intersect

Either in front or behind depending on the location of the object

When light passes from one medium to another

The speed and possibly the direction will change

Refracted ray

Direction of light when travelling from a less optically dense medium to a more optically dense one

Light from a high (more dense, slower) to low (less dense, faster) refractive medium bends

Away from the normal

Light from a low (less dense, faster) to high (more dense, slower) refractive medium bends

Towards the normal

Principle of reversibility

Light will follow exactly the same path if its direction of travel is reversed