Introduction to English Linguistics Studies

Competence Model By Chomsky (1965, 1972)

it models what fluent speakers know when they know a language (Linguists call it “Grammar” of that Language)

Performance Model By Chomsky (1965, 1972)

it models how speakers actually use their linguistic competence. Such a model reflects not just a speaker’s knowledge of his or her language, but also extra-linguistic influences on speaking such as memory limitations and the speaker’s purposes

Language Acquisition Model By Chomsky (1965, 1972)

it reflects the changes in a person’s competence and performance as he or she acquires a language and thus provides a model of the child’s language-learning achievements.

Subfield #1: Phonetics/Phonological Information

The study of structure of the systematic patterns of sound in human language

Subfield #2: Lexical Structure Information

For every word we know we must know its internal structure (Morphology - the study of how sounds can be combined to form a word)

Subfield #3: Syntactic Information

For Every word we know we must know its overall structure from outer to inner walls of the word (Syntax - the study of the structure of the words that can be combined into a sentence and what is its relationship to other words/languages)

Subfield #4: Semantic Information

For every word we know, we must know its meaning (Semantics - the study of the meaning behind an individual words or grouped into phrases and sentences.)

Subfield #5: Pragmatics Information

For every word we know we not only know its meaning but also how to use it in a conversation or discourse. (Pragmatics - the study of words and how to use it in the actual context of discourse)

Morpheme’s 2 classes

Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes

Free Morpheme

Can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase or sentence.

Bound Morpheme

Cannot stand alone but must be attached in another morpheme.

Affixes

Mostly known as “prefixes” which are attached to the beginning of a morpheme

Suffixes

Morpheme that is attached at the end of another morpheme

Infixes

a morpheme attached "within” another morpheme

Contracted Forms

the shortened words of a morpheme (ex. Will - ‘ll = They'll go - They will go)

Words fall into 2 general classes:

What is simple words?

simple words are single free morphemes that cannot be broken down further into recognizable or meaningful morphemes (or wala lang talaga siyang meaning or gamit sa isang sentence)

Words fall into 2 general classes:

What is complex words?

complex words are a combination of 2 or more morphemes that produce words that has meaning (may gamit siya sa isang sentence)

Verbs are commonly known as what?

the third person singular form and has a suffix -s that takes in present tense form

Articulatory Phonetics

speech sound produced in the vocal tract

Acoustic Phonetics

speech sound waves produced in the larynx and the vocal tract

Phonetics

refers to the study of the articulatory and acoustic properties of sounds

Phonology

used to refer to the abstract principles that govern the form and distribution of sounds in a language

Speech Signal

a rapidly flowing series of noises that are produced inside the throat, mouth, and nasal passages and that radiate out from the mouth and sometimes the nose.

what are the 3 complex interactions in producing sound waves?

1) airflow from the lungs 2) modification of the airflow in the larynx 3) modifications of the airflow in the vocal tract

how to expand the lungs during quiet breathing and in speech?

Using the contractions in the diaphragm (the contractions of the diaphragm will result to it being lowered and flatten out thus, creating a gap between the chest cavity and the abdominal region.)

how does the external intercostals helped the increase of chest cavity?

The muscles between the rib cage (external costals) also contrasts and the rib cage then expands outward thus creating an increase for the air to flow through the gap in return increases the chest cavity

where does the larynx located?

larynx is a structure and cartilage located at the top of the trachea or the wind pipe

The resistance can be controlled in different positions and tensions in the _______

Vocal Cords / Vocal Folds

During quiet breathing the vocal cords are what?

the vocal cords are relaxed and spread apart

During swallowing or food intake the vocal cords are what?

the vocal cords are drawn tightly to prevent foreign materials from entering the lungs

what is important feature of the vocal cords in speech?

The vocal cords can be made to vibrate if the airflow is sufficiently rapid and if they have the proper tension and proximity to each other.

what is the difference between the pitch of an adult male and that of the female and children?

the vocal cords of an adult male is larger in size thus the frequency of the vibration coming from their vocal cords are much lower than that of a female and children

what do you call the space between the vocal cords is?

It is called Glottis

What is Glottal Sounds?

it is the sound refer for the constriction or closure of the space between the vocal cords called glottis

What do you call the space within which the speech sounds of the human language is produced?

It is called the Vocal Tract (it includes the oral pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity)

Why is the English Orthopography can’t be used as a representation of sounds?

because the English orthography or the spelling system contains more than just one sound for a single letter and conversely a single speech sound can contain more than just a single letter

why is the phonetic transcription system a better suited to represent the speech sounds?

Because it has a unique symbols for each distinctive speech sound

what is a consonant?

it is a speech sound produced when the speaker either stop or severely constricts the airflow to the vocal tract

What is a stop?

a stop is the sounds produced when the airflow is obstructed during speech

what does /p/ indicate?

A voiceless bilabial stop

what does /b/ indicate

the same place of articulation as the /p/ but it is a voiced bilabial stop in which makes it have a vibration in the vocal cord

what does the /t/ indicate?

it indicates a voiceless alveolar stop (an alveolar sound is produced when the tip of the tongue touches the back of the teeth in the mouth)

what does the /d/ indicates?

a voiced alveolar stop (has the same place of articulation as the /t/ but is accompanied by a voicing)

what does the /k/ indicates?

a voiceless velar stop (velar consonant is when the tip of the tongue touches the palate of the mouth

what does the /g/ indicates?

A voiced velar stop

what is a fricative?

fricative are sounds produced when the airflow is forced through the narrow opening in the vocal tract so that noise produced by friction is created

what does the /f/ indicates

a voiceless labiodental fricative (labiodental is when the lower lip made contact with the upper teeth)

what does the /v/ indicate?

a voiced labiodental fricative

what does the /0/ indicate?

A voiceless (inter) dental fricative (inter-dental fricative is produced when the upper teeth and the tip of the tongue make contact with each other) thus creating the sound in American consonant

syllabic

a nasal consonants that can functions a syllables by themselves without vowels