CHAPTER 8: FORMAL OPERATIONS & MORAL DEVELOPMENT E3

What is Piaget's Formal Operational Stage?

The final stage in Piaget's theory, beginning around age twelve and continuing into adulthood.

What is abstract reasoning?

The ability to think about ideas that aren't concrete.

Define hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

The ability to form hypotheses, test them, and reason scientifically.

What is propositional reasoning?

The evaluation of logical statements without real-life experience interfering.

How does information-processing theory relate to adolescence?

It shows increases in working memory, processing speed, strategies, and metacognition during adolescence.

What distinguishes formal thinkers from concrete thinkers?

Formal thinkers can separate logic from reality, while concrete thinkers cannot.

What is the definition of obesity?

A Body Mass Index (BMI) of thirty or more.

What are some causes of obesity in adolescents?

Worsening diet quality, less exercise than recommended, and sports participation pros and cons.

What psychological factors make adolescents vulnerable to anorexia?

Increased body consciousness and cultural/media pressures reinforcing thinness ideals.

What are the cognitive effects of starvation in anorexia?

Impaired cognition, body temperature regulation, and heart function.

What triggers binges in bulimia?

Binges are usually triggered by stress or negative emotions.

What are some medical risks associated with bulimia?

Electrolyte imbalance and gastrointestinal damage.

What factors contribute to the rise of depression in adolescence?

Brain changes, social stress, and identity pressures.

Which gender has higher rates of depression beginning in early adolescence?

Girls.

How do cognitive distortions affect depression?

They worsen the condition.

What is the DSM in relation to depression?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which outlines symptoms and classifications.

What is the distinction between depression and bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder includes episodes of mania, while depression does not.

What is the impact of sports participation on adolescents?

It has pros such as fitness and discipline, and cons like injuries and burnout.

What is the relationship between adolescence and cognitive distortions?

Cognitive distortions can exacerbate feelings of depression during adolescence.

What role does cultural pressure play in anorexia?

Cultural and media pressures reinforce ideals of thinness, increasing vulnerability.