________: take longer to rise in adolescents than children or adults regardless of sun or activities.
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Nucleus accumbens
________: region in the frontal cortex that directs motivation to seek rewards.
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Cerebellum
________: area that coordinates both physical and mental activities & is particularly responsive to experience.
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FMRI
________: shows brain activity while subjects are doing assigned tasks.
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ADHD
________ and Tourette's syndrome: typically appear by age 7; rapid growth of brain tissue may set the stage for the increase in motor activities and tics, symptoms recede as pruning begins.
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median onset
Emerging adult age: The ________ for anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
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Androgens
________ and estrogens: Released as pruning begins; directly influence serotonin and other mood- regulating neurochemicals, especially active in the limbic system.
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Overproduction
________ or Exuberance: considerable thickening of synaptic connections occurs during prenatal development through first 18 months of life, again around ages 10- 12 peaking there.
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Gray matter
________ is thinned out at a rate of about 0.7 % a year, tapering off in the early 20s.
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Social influences
________: Teens have higher likelihood of risk behavior when in groups or emotionally charged situations, not after age 20.
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Myelination
________: creation of myelin sheaths.
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Schizophrenia
________: appears about the time the prefrontal cortex is getting pruned; typical cortical gray matter loss is 15 % during adolescence, but 25 % sometimes in ________ cases.
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Limbic system
________: emotional center of the brain.
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Frontal lobes
________: involved in most of the higher functions of the brain: planning ahead, solving problems, making moral judgments.
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Prefrontal cortex
________: home of the so- called executive functions- planning, setting priorities, organizing thoughts, suppressing impulses, weighing the consequences of one's actions.
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Rapid neural growth
________ occurs: between the ages of 6 and 12.
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Motivation deficit
________: comes with propensity to engage in high excitement and or low effort behaviors, emphasis immediate payoff for best results.
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teen vulnerability
Abundance in dopamine- rich areas of the brain: an additional factor in ________ to substance abuse.
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Myelin
________: a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed, continues through adolescence.
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Maximum brain cell density
________: occurs between the third and sixth month of gestation.
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Amygdala
________: a structure in the temporal lobes associated with emotional and gut reactions.
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Rapid synaptic pruning
________ of the gray matter during emerging adulthood: implicated in the development of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression.
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Brain areas
________ that mature second: areas that coordinate vision, hearing & touch.
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Peak of neural growth
________: when girls are about 11 and boys 12 ½.
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Cerebellum
________: part of the lower brain, important for mathematics, music, decision making, and even social skills and understanding humor.
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Overproduction
________: occurs in many parts of gray matter, but concentrated in frontal lobes.
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Gray matter
________: is composed of brain cells decreases through 20s and 30s.
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By age 6
the brain is 90% to 95% of its adult size
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maximum brain-cell density
occurs between the third and sixth month of gestation
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Rapid neural growth occurs
between the ages of 6 and 12
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Peak of neural growth
when girls are about 11 and boys 12 ½
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Cerebellum
area that coordinates both physical and mental activities & is particularly responsive to experience
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Regions that reach maturation first
vision, hearing, touch and spatial processing
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Brain areas that mature second
areas that coordinate vision, hearing & touch
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Last part of brain to form
Prefrontal cortex
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Androgens and estrogens
Released as pruning begins; directly influence serotonin and other mood-regulating neurochemicals, especially active in the limbic system
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Limbic system
emotional center of the brain
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MRI
reveals brain structure
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FMRI
shows brain activity while subjects are doing assigned tasks
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Amygdala
a structure in the temporal lobes associated with emotional and gut reactions
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Social influences
Teens have higher likelihood of risk behavior when in groups or emotionally charged situations, not after age 20
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Abundance in dopamine-rich areas of the brain
an additional factor in teen vulnerability to substance abuse
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nucleus accumbens
region in the frontal cortex that directs motivation to seek rewards
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Motivation deficit
comes with propensity to engage in high excitement and or low effort behaviors, emphasis immediate payoff for best results
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Melatonin levels
take longer to rise in adolescents than children or adults regardless of sun or activities
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Schizophrenia
appears about the time the prefrontal cortex is getting pruned; typical cortical gray matter loss is 15% during adolescence, but 25% sometimes in schizophrenia cases
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Emerging adult age
The median onset for anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia
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How to help teens
providing structure, organizing their time, guiding them through tough decisions
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Overproduction or Exuberance
considerable thickening of synaptic connections occurs during prenatal development through first 18 months of life, again around ages 10-12 peaking there
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Between the ages of 12 and 20
the average brain loses 7% to 10% of its gray matter
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synaptic pruning is especially rapid
among adolescents with high intelligence
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Myelin
a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed, continues through adolescence
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Cerebellum
part of the lower brain, important for mathematics, music, decision making, and even social skills and understanding humor
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the last structure of the brain to stop growing
Cerebellum
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How brain structure changes in emerging adulthood
continued myelination, synaptic pruning, and the formation of new connections
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gray matter
is composed of brain cells decreases through 20s and 30s
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white matter
consists of myelinated axons and other connections between brain cells, increases through pruning until 40 when it declines rapidly
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rapid synaptic pruning of the gray matter during emerging adulthood
implicated in the development of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression
Studied by 1 person
