Socio Cultural Influences

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Sport

- Sponsorship can be easily withdrawn

- Sponsors can bring bad image

- Performers can be exploited to suit sponsor

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Spectators

- PPV is expensive

- More people stay at home to watch TV

- More popular it gets, harder to get tickets

- Merchandise and tickets are more expensive

Positive impacts of Technology on Sport

- Guarantees correct decisions are made

- Fairer competitions

Positive impacts of Technology on Sponsors

Ensures fair play and good image for sport, reflecting well on sponsor

Negative impacts of Technology on Sponsors

Not available at every level of sports

Positive impacts of Technology on Spectators

- Confidence that decisions are fair

- Can see how decisions are made

- Review process adds to tension/excitement

Negative impacts of Technology on Spectators

- Cause unrest if decisions aren't reviewed

- Causes problems if official makes bad decisions

Sportsmanship

conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport (eg. not arguing with referee/ walking in cricket)

Side effects of stimulants

- high blood pressure

- insomnia

- headaches

Side effects of narcotic analgesics

- addictive

- less concentration and co-ordination

- injury gets worse

Side effects of anabolic agents

- heart disease

- mood swings

- liver damage

- infertility

Side effects of diuretics

- dehydration

- nausea

- headaches

- kidney damage

Side effects of blood doping

- viscous blood

- infection

- heart attack

- embolism (blockage of vessel)

Side effects of beta blockers

- nausea

- weakness

- heart problems

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Performers

- Higher wages

- Performers become role models

- More ££ for better coaching

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Performers

- More pressure reduces enjoyment

- Media duties disrupt training

- Media scrutiny can mean online abuse

- More competitions mean more training

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Officials

- Officials become role models

- More ££ means role is more professional

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Officials

- Mistakes are public

- Increased pressure to make right decisions

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Sport

- More interest and participation

- Pays for coaching and talent development

- Gives sport a high status/improves performance

- Generates revenue

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Spectators

- Commentary educates viewers

- Spectators can easily watch on TV

- More competitions = more opportunities to watch live

- Media provides info about results + fixtures

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Sponsors

- Brand is linked to positive performer

- Brand is advertised to wide audience

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Sponsors

If sponsor is linked to scandalous brand, this affects their brand image

Positive impacts of Technology on Performers

- Performance analysis aids can help to improve performance

- Can use tech to ask officials to review decisions

Negative impacts of Technology on Performers

- Expensive

- Too many reviews disrupt play

Negative impacts of Technology on Sport

Too many reviews disrupt play, annoying performers, officials and spectators

Positive impacts of Technology on Officials

- Provides help

- Less criticism of officials

- Can communicate with each other

- Confirms correct decisions

Negative impacts of Technology on Officials

- Undermines officials if a poor decision is flagged up and broadcast

- May become over-reliant on tech

Etiquette

the unwritten rules of sports behaviour (eg. shaking hands)

Gamesmanship

stretching the rules to gain an unfair advantage (eg. time wasting)

Contract to compete

unwritten agreement to follow the written and unwritten rules (eg. trying your best/playing by the rules)

Types of PEDs

- Stimulants
- Narcotic analgesics
- Anabolic agents
- Peptide hormones (EPO)
- Diuretics

What do stimulants do?

speed up nervous system (increases alertness/reaction)

What do narcotic analgesics do?

masks pain (from injury/overtraining)

What do anabolic agents do? (steroids)

increase rate and amount of muscle growth

(also speeds up recovery)

What do peptide hormones do?

increase number of RBCs

Side effects of peptide hormones

- viscous blood

- blood clotting

- strokes

What do diuretics do?

remove excess water from body by increasing urination

(can mask/flush out other drugs)

What is blood doping?

- blood is removed and frozen a few weeks before competition

- body makes more RBCs to replace the amount taken out

- blood is re-injected just before competition

How does blood doping help performers?

- increased red blood cell count

- increased oxygen carrying capacity of cells

- more aerobic respiration can occur

What do beta blockers do?

- reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure

- reduce the effects of adrenaline

- improve fine control/preciseness

Advantages of taking PEDs

- increased chances of success

- fame + wealth

- could create level playing field

Disadvantages of taking PEDs

- reputation damaged

- fines + bans

- lose sponsorship

- health risks

- sport must invest to prevent it

- less spectators and participation

Disadvantages of performers taking PEDs to the sport

ruins sports' reputation and credibility

Positives of spectators at matches

- creates atmosphere

- home-field advantage (for home team/ individuals)

Negatives of spectators at matches

- increased pressure on performers

- crowd trouble/hooliganism

- safety costs/concerns

Reasons for hoolinganism

- rivalries
- hype
- fuelled by alcohol/drugs
- gang culture
- frustration (eg at official's decisions)
- display of masculinity

How is hooliganism prevented?

- early kick-offs
- all-seater stadia
- segregation of fans
- improved security
- alcohol restrictions
- travel restrictions/banning orders
- promotional campaigns and high profile endorsements

What are the 5 social groups?

- gender
- age
- disability
- family/friends/peers
- ethnicity (race/religion)

What are factors affecting participation?

- attitudes
- role models
- accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)
- media coverage
- sexism/stereotyping
- culture/religion/religious festivals
- family/friends
- available leisure time
- familiarity
- education
- disposable income

Commercialisation

when a new product/service is introduced into the general market

What is the golden triangle?

the financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and media

Explain the relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media (3 marks)

- Businesses are encouraged to buy sport to advertise their product

- Business sponsors the sport to publicise its product

- The sport is shown in the media, which promotes the product

- The sport’s spectators see the advertising and buy the business’s product

Sponsorship

when a company pays money to a team/individual in return for advertising their goods

Types of sponsorship

- financial
- clothing/equipment
- facilities

Media

means of mass communication

Types of media

- TV
- radio
- press
- internet
- social media