Chemical tests

Ammonia

damp red litmus paper turns blue

chlorine

damp litmus paper is bleached

water

anhydrous copper sulfate turns from white to blue

Flame test

Dip wire loop in conc hydrochloric acid then in solid compound then in Bunsen flame

Lithium flame test

Crimson

Sodium flame test

Yellow

Potassium flame test

Lilac

Calcium flame test

Orange-red

Copper flame test

Blue-green

NH4+ (ammonium)

Add NaOH and warm. Test gas given off for ammonia.

Test for common metal cations

Add NaOH

Fe2+

Green precipitate Fe(OH)2

Fe3+

Brown precipitate Fe(OH)3

Cu2+

Blue precipitate Cu(OH)2

Test for halide ions

Add dilute nitric acid. Then silver nitrate.

Cl-

White ppt AgCl

Br-

Cream ppt AgBr

I-

Yellow ppt AgI

Sulfate SO42-

Add dilute HCl then barium chloride solution. White ppt (BaSO4) forms.

Carbonate (CO32-)

Add acid. Test gas given off for CO2