4: Progressive Movement (U.S. History II)

Sixteenth Amendment

Sixteenth Amendment

allowed the federal government the right to collect individual income taxes

Seventeenth Amendment

allowed voters to directly elect U.S. senators

Eighteenth Amendment

The amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale and importation of alcohol in the U.S., otherwise known as "Prohibition"

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois; fought for social reforms to ensure equal rights for African Americans

Gifford Pinchot

Personal friend of TR and head of the U.S. Forest Service from 1905 to 1910

arbitration

Agreement by two parties to place a dispute before a third party for a binding settlement.

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican President introduced the "Square Deal" and used the Sherman Antitrust Act to file lawsuits against unfair monopolies

William Taft

Republican president that filed 90 antirust lawsuits but lost progressive support after firing Gifford Pinchot and signing the high Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president whose "New Freedom" reformed business with the Federal Reserve and FTC

Sherman Antitrust Act

Law created to limit the power of monopolies in restraint of competition; allowed federal troops to intervene against Pullman strikers in 1894 who blocked mail cars

Referendum

Allows voters to directly vote on a measure or legislation during an election

Recall

Allows for voters to remove an elected official and force a new election

Direct Primary

Allows the voters of major parties to choose their candidates who in turn run in the general election

Initiative

Allows voters to introduce legislation

Elkins Act

Forbade shippers from accepting secret rebates

Hepburn Act

Authorized the ICC to set railroad rates and to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce, such as pipelines and ferries

Meat Inspection Act

1906 law that laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Newlands Reclamation Act

took money from the sale of public land and used it for irrigation of damaged land, and was the first major piece of federal conservation legislation

Mann-Elkins Act

Extended the powers of the ICC to telephone and telegraph companies

Underwood Tariff Act

Reduced tariffs to their lowest levels in 50 years and imposed a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

1913 act establishing a national banking system which indirectly controls interest rates, available credit and the amount of money in circulation

Clayton Act

Clarified and extended the Sherman Act by clearly stating what corporations could not do

Federal Farm Loan Act

Provided special low-interest loans to farmers

Adamson Act

Reduced the workday for Railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours with no cut in pay

Federal Workmen's Compensation Act

Provided benefits to federal workers injured on the job

Keating-Owen Act

Outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor

Department of Labor

Enforces federal laws on working conditions, the minimum wage, and pension benefits

Federal Trade Commission

Authorized corporate investigations and issue "cease and desist orders" to those engaged in unfair business practices such as mislabeled products and false claims

Lochner v. New York

Declared the New York Bakeshop Act unconstitutional limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th amendment rights.

Freedom of Contract

Term used by the Supreme Court to describe workers' right to determine the terms of their employment

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme Court decision that upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Fire in New York City that killed 150 female factory workers where it was later found that the workers had been locked into the factory

Florence Kelly

Helped persuade to prohibit child labor and limit number of hours women were forced to work and founded National Child Labor Committee

Richard Ballinger

Taft's Secretary of the Interior that tried to make nearly a million acres of public forests and mineral reserves available for private development

National Woman Suffrage Association

Group founded by Elizabeh Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that focused on a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote

American Woman Suffrage Association

Group founded by Julia Waard Howe and Lucy Stone that focused on convincing states to give women the right to vote

Anti-Saloon League

Group of evangelical Protestant ministers that pushed for temperance and prohibition

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Advocated that people stop, or at least moderate, their alcohol consumption

Illinois

Prohibited child labor in 1893

Massachusetts

Passed the nation's first minimum wage law in 1912

New York

Passed the nation's strictest fire safety codes in 1911

Oregon

Limited women laundry and factory workers hours to 10 per day in 1903

Utah

Limited workers' hours in dangerous occupations like mining and smelting to 10 per day in 1896