Cellular Reactions in Pathology I: Lesson 3 Overview

Cellular reactions

How one's cells react to trauma, disease, the environment, genetics, or any predisposing factors needs to be recognized when studying pathology.

Degeneration

Intracellular tissue deterioration due to injury or disease.

types of degeneration

Cellular Swelling, Fatty Degeneration, Amyloid Disease.

Cellular swelling

Acute reversible change from nonlethal injuries.

The degeneration occurs when they take on too much water and simply rupture and fall apart.

Cellular swelling

An intracytoplasmic accumulation of water due to incapacity of the cells to maintain the ionic and fluid homeostasis

Cells take on water to maintain stability so they can do their job

Fatty degeneration (steatosis)

Accumulation of fat globules within the cells of a bodily organ, such as the liver or heart, resulting in deterioration of tissue and diminished functioning of the affected organ

Amyloidosis

A rare disease that occurs when a substance called amyloid builds up in your organs. Amyloid is abnormal protein that is produced in your bone marrow and can be deposited in any tissue or organ.

Infiltration

Intracellular passage and accumulation of asubstance into cells, tissues or organs.

types of Infiltration

Pigmentation, calcification, gout

Pigmentation

Deposit of pigment within tissue

Endogenous Pigmentation

Freckles (melanin), Jaundice (bilirubin)

Exogenous Pigmentation

keratinemia - eat too many carrots, skin gets orangish color, pneumoconiosis - inhaled and deposited in lung (black lung), tattoo

Calcification

Abnormal disposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts

This calcification can show up in blood vessels

impeding the flow of blood.

Gout

Arthritis from excess uric acid in blood.

symptoms of gout

are due to the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints and the body's response to them.

Necrosis

The pathological death of cells, tissues, or organs while still a part of the living organism.

An infarct or lack of blood due to a closed blood vessel can cause

the tissue death

Gangrene

is caused when bacteria enter this dead or necrotic tissue

what are the types of necrosis

moist, Dry, Gas, Caseous

Moist necrosis

Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria.

The blood and fluids can get into the area but not out. So, it remains

Wet

Dry necrosis

ischemic necrosis, a necrotic tissue due to a reduction in arterial blood supply to a body part that remains aseptic

So the blood and fluids cannot get to the tissue, but the veins are still taking away

any fluids that are present

Gas necrosis

Formation of air bubbles in necrotic tissue.

Gas gangrene

develops suddenly. It usually occurs at the site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. In some cases, it occurs without an irritating event. People most at risk for gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease, diabetes, or colon cancer.

Caseous necrosis

Cheese-like mass from tissue destruction and dead cells.

It is actually a collection of dead cells.

Caseous necrosis

Atrophy

Decrease in size of an organ or tissue.

Physiological atrophy

General physiological process of reabsorption and break down of tissues, involving apoptosis.

Hyperplasia

The increased size of an organ or tissue due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of the cells composing it

Enlargement of the prostate gland Enlargement of mammary glands during pregnancy

Hyperplasia

Apoptosis

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

Pathological atrophy

When it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due toother diseases.

Hypertrophy

The enlargement of an organ or tissue due to the increase in size of cells composing it

Compensatory hypertrophy

Demonstrated when one kidney fails or was missing at birth, the other will enlarge to help meet the needs of the body.

Pathological hypertrophy

Most often associated with a myocardial infarction or a heart attack or disease.

Physiological hypertrophy

Characterized by a normal organization of cardiac structure and normal or enhanced cardiac function. An example being sports training.

Hyperplasia

The increased size of an organ or tissue due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of the cells composing it

Regeneration

Replacement of damaged cells with normal cells.

Connective tissue and capillary epithelium regeneration

Highest regenerability among tissue types.

Epithelial tissue regeneration

Second highest regenerability, heals quickly.

Muscle tissue regeneration

Regenerates poorly, causing prolonged pain.

Nerve tissue regeneration

Least regenerability, often irreversible damage.